Orban is a company known for its audio processing products and technologies that are primarily used in broadcasting, including radio and television. Founded by George Orban in the 1960s, the company is recognized for its high-quality audio processors, which help improve sound quality and optimize audio signals for transmission and live applications. Orban's products typically include hardware and software solutions that utilize advanced algorithms for audio compression, loudness normalization, and signal processing.

In signal processing, "order tracking" refers to a technique used to analyze and understand the behavior of systems or processes, particularly in the context of rotating machinery or systems with periodic or quasi-periodic signals. The primary goal of order tracking is to extract meaningful information from signals that are related to specific rotational or operational speeds. ### Key Concepts 1. **Orders**: In the context of rotating systems, an "order" refers to a harmonic of the fundamental frequency.

Orthogonal Signal Correction (OSC) is a statistical technique used primarily in chemometrics and signal processing to enhance the predictive performance of models by removing unwanted variability in the data that is orthogonal (i.e., uncorrelated) to the outcome of interest. The main goal of OSC is to improve the extraction of relevant information from noisy or complex data, particularly in situations where this data is high-dimensional.

In signal processing, a "pulse" refers to a rapid transition of a signal from one state to another and back again. Pulses can be considered as discrete signals characterized by ashort duration and a specific shape, representing an instantaneous change, typically in voltage or current. They are widely used in various applications, including communications, digital electronics, and control systems.

Pulse shaping is a technique used in communications to control the form of transmitted signals, primarily in digital communications. It involves modifying the waveform of a signal to meet specific bandwidth, power, and distortion constraints, while also making it more resistant to interference and reducing the effects of inter-symbol interference (ISI). The main goals of pulse shaping include: 1. **Bandwidth Efficiency**: By shaping the pulse, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal can be optimized.

Distance is a measure of the space between two points or objects. It can refer to the physical length or interval separating these points in various contexts, such as geography, physics, or everyday situations. Distance can be measured in various units, including meters, kilometers, miles, and feet, depending on the system of measurement being used. In a more abstract sense, distance can also refer to the degree of separation in non-physical contexts, such as emotional distance in relationships or conceptual distance in ideas.

Stochastic resonance is a phenomenon in which the presence of noise in a system can enhance the detection or transmission of weak signals. This counterintuitive effect occurs in various fields, including physics, biology, neuroscience, and engineering. In simple terms, stochastic resonance involves the interplay between a weak signal and random fluctuations or noise. When a weak signal is combined with an appropriate level of noise, the noise can help elevate the signal above a certain threshold, making it easier to detect or respond to.

Sub-band coding (SBC) is a technique used in audio signal processing and data compression. It involves dividing an audio signal into multiple frequency bands (or sub-bands) and encoding each band separately. This approach allows for more efficient compression by taking advantage of the psychoacoustic properties of human hearing, which suggest that not all frequency components are perceived equally.

The Sombrero function, also known as the "Mexican Hat" wavelet function, is a mathematical function often used in various fields such as physics, signal processing, and image analysis. It is characterized by a shape resembling a sombrero hat, hence the name.

A spectrum analyzer is an electronic instrument used to measure the amplitude (strength) of an input signal against frequency within a specific frequency range. It visualizes the signal's spectral content, allowing users to see how much of the signal's power is present at each frequency. This makes it an essential tool in various fields, including telecommunications, broadcast engineering, audio engineering, and electronic design.

Stateroom is a surveillance program developed by the National Security Agency (NSA) in conjunction with other intelligence agencies. It is designed to gather and analyze data from a wide array of communication platforms, including phones, internet traffic, and other digital communications. The program is part of the broader efforts of the U.S. government to monitor potential threats to national security, including terrorism and cyber threats.

The Heer and Luftwaffe Signals School, known in German as "Heeressignal-Schule" and "Luftwaffensignalschule," refers to military training institutions in the German Army (Heer) and Air Force (Luftwaffe) that focus on communication and signal operations. These schools were responsible for training personnel in various aspects of military communication, including radio operation, signal intelligence, communications technology, and other related skills essential for effective command and control in military operations.

The Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1 is a variant of the Nimrod aircraft, originally based on the de Havilland Comet airliner. The Nimrod was developed for the Royal Air Force (RAF) primarily as a maritime patrol aircraft, but the R1 variant was specifically modified for electronic reconnaissance and intelligence gathering missions. The Nimrod R1 featured various modifications, including enhanced electronic systems and equipment designed for signals intelligence (SIGINT) operations.

The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird is a long-range, advanced, strategic reconnaissance aircraft that was developed by Lockheed Skunk Works and used by the United States Air Force (USAF) from 1966 until its retirement in the late 1990s.

Non-communications signals are signals that do not convey information directly through traditional communication methods. Instead, they can refer to signals that are not intended for data transmission between devices or users in a meaningful way. Non-communications signals can serve various purposes, including: 1. **Environmental Monitoring**: Signals from sensors that provide data about environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure) without fulfilling a communication role.

A technical research ship, often referred to as a research vessel (RV), is a specialized type of ship designed to conduct scientific research on various aspects of the marine environment. These vessels are equipped with advanced technology and tools to carry out a wide range of studies, including: 1. **Oceanography**: Studying ocean currents, waves, and marine ecosystems. 2. **Geology and Geophysics**: Conducting seabed mapping, sediment sampling, and geological surveys.

Memory foam is a type of polyurethane foam that is known for its unique ability to conform to the shape of an object when pressure is applied, and then slowly return to its original shape when the pressure is removed. This material was originally developed by NASA in the 1960s to improve the safety of aircraft cushions, but it has since become widely used in consumer products such as mattresses, pillows, cushions, and even footwear.

The Overlap Coefficient, often abbreviated as OV, is a measure used to evaluate the similarity between two sets. It quantifies the extent to which the elements of one set are contained within another set. Specifically, the Overlap Coefficient is defined as the size of the intersection of the two sets divided by the size of the smaller set.

Simplicial sets are a concept from algebraic topology and category theory that serve as a combinatorial model for homotopy types. They generalize the notion of simplicial complexes and provide a framework for studying topological spaces through discrete structures. ### Definition: A simplicial set is a functor from a simplicial category (usually the category of finite ordered sets and order-preserving maps) to the category of sets.

A pulley is a simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel and a rope, cable, or belt that runs along the groove. It is used to change the direction of a force applied to an object and can also create a mechanical advantage, making it easier to lift heavy loads. Pulleys can be used alone or in combinations, known as pulley systems, to lift or move objects vertically or horizontally.