NERVA, which stands for Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application, was a project developed by NASA and the Atomic Energy Commission in the 1960s. It focused on creating a nuclear thermal rocket engine. The NERVA system used a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant, typically hydrogen, which would then be expelled at high speeds to produce thrust.

Metarepresentation refers to the ability to represent or reflect on one's own representations or mental states, essentially allowing an individual to think about their own thoughts, beliefs, and feelings as well as those of others. It is a concept commonly discussed in various fields, including cognitive science, philosophy, psychology, and linguistics.

"The Princeton Companion to Mathematics" is a comprehensive reference work that provides an overview of the field of mathematics. Edited by Timothy Gowers and published by Princeton University Press in 2008, the book aims to be accessible to a broad audience, including both mathematicians and non-mathematicians.

Cantamath is a mathematics competition held in New Zealand, primarily aimed at students from primary and secondary schools. The event is designed to promote interest in mathematics and challenge students' problem-solving skills. Cantamath typically includes individual and team competitions, with a focus on mathematical reasoning, creativity, and teamwork. Participants tackle a variety of mathematical problems that can range from algebra and geometry to number theory and statistics. The competition usually culminates in a finals event where top performers are recognized and awarded.

In mathematics, a compound matrix is a type of matrix that is derived from another matrix, specifically an \( n \times n \) matrix, to represent all possible combinations of its elements. The term is often used in the context of determinants. A compound matrix typically yields a matrix whose entries consist of the determinants of all possible \( k \times k \) submatrices of the original \( n \times n \) matrix.

The China Girls Mathematical Olympiad (CGMO) is a mathematics competition specifically designed for high school female students in China. Founded to promote the participation of girls in mathematics and related fields, the CGMO aims to encourage young women to develop their mathematical talents and foster interest in mathematics as a discipline. The competition typically involves various challenging mathematical problems that cover topics such as algebra, geometry, number theory, and combinatorics.

"The Principles of Mathematics" is a foundational text in mathematical logic and philosophy authored by Bertrand Russell, published in 1903. In this work, Russell explores the nature and foundations of mathematics, addressing significant topics like set theory, the philosophy of mathematics, and logical reasoning. The book aims to establish mathematics on a solid logical basis, largely influenced by the ideas of Gottlob Frege and the emerging fields of symbolic logic.

Rui-Ming Xu is a prominent figure in the field of bioinformatics and systems biology, known for contributions to the understanding of complex biological systems through computational approaches. His work often involves the integration of large datasets to elucidate biological mechanisms, particularly in areas such as cancer research and therapeutic development.

The Australian Mathematics Competition (AMC) is a prestigious mathematical challenge designed for students in Australia and around the world. Established in 1978, it is aimed at enhancing the mathematical abilities and problem-solving skills of students from primary school through to secondary school levels. Key features of the AMC include: 1. **Format**: The competition typically consists of multiple-choice and short-answer questions, which require students to apply their mathematical reasoning and analytical skills.

The Balkan Mathematical Olympiad (BMO) is an annual international mathematics competition for high school students from countries in the Balkan region. Established in 2001, the BMO aims to promote mathematics and foster friendly relationships among young mathematicians from different countries. Each participating country can send a team of up to six students, accompanied by a leader or coach. The competition primarily consists of challenging mathematical problems covering various areas, including algebra, geometry, number theory, and combinatorics.

"The Hacker and the Ants" is a science fiction novel written by Rudy Rucker, published in 1994. The story follows the character Zif, a computer hacker who becomes embroiled in a surreal adventure involving artificial intelligence and a world where ants have developed their own advanced intelligence. The novel blends themes of technology, consciousness, and the interaction between humans and machines.

Cumulants are a set of statistical measures that provide insights into the shape and characteristics of a probability distribution. They are particularly useful in the context of higher-order moments and can be seen as an alternative to moments. While moments (like the mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis) capture information about a distribution, cumulants provide a different perspective that can simplify certain types of statistical analysis.

Cowbellpedia is a mathematics-based quiz competition in Nigeria, primarily targeting secondary school students. It is organized by the Cowbell Milk brand, which is a product of Promasidor Nigeria Limited. The competition aims to promote the study of mathematics and encourage academic excellence among students. Cowbellpedia typically involves various stages, including preliminary examinations, regional finals, and a grand finale, where selected finalists compete for scholarships, prizes, and other incentives.

Mathematics competitions are events where individuals or teams solve mathematical problems under timed conditions. Here is a list of notable mathematics competitions, organized by type: ### National Competitions 1. **American Mathematics Competitions (AMC)** - A series of competitions including AMC 8, AMC 10, and AMC 12 for middle and high school students in the U.S. 2. **AIME (American Invitational Mathematics Examination)** - An upper-level examination for students who excel in the AMC.

The Mathematical Olympiads for Elementary and Middle Schools (MOEMS) is a problem-solving competition aimed at enhancing the mathematical capabilities of students in grades 4 through 8. Founded in 1977, MOEMS seeks to promote a love for mathematics among young learners and to develop their logical reasoning and critical thinking skills. The competition consists of a series of challenging math problems that require creativity and insightful thinking rather than rote memorization of formulas or procedures.

The Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática (OBM) is a national mathematics competition held in Brazil for students from elementary through high school levels. Established in 1979, it aims to promote the study of mathematics among students and encourage their interest in the subject. The competition consists of several stages, typically involving a set of challenging mathematical problems that require creative thinking and problem-solving skills. Students can participate individually, and their performance is evaluated at various levels based on their responses to the problems.

The Rhode Island Math League (RIML) is an organization that promotes mathematics education and competition among students in Rhode Island. It typically involves challenges and contests that allow students, particularly those in middle and high schools, to engage in problem-solving and critical thinking. The league provides opportunities for students to compete individually or in teams, enhancing their mathematical skills while fostering a sense of community among young mathematicians. Through various events, including regular contests and championships, participants can showcase their abilities in a supportive environment.

The Singapore Mathematical Olympiad (SMO) is a prestigious mathematics competition organized annually in Singapore for primary and secondary school students. It aims to foster interest in mathematics and promote mathematical problem-solving skills among students. The competition covers various topics in mathematics, including algebra, geometry, number theory, and combinatorics, and is designed to challenge participants with problems that require creative thinking and rigorous reasoning.

The United States of America Mathematical Talent Search (USAMTS) is a mathematics competition designed to identify and cultivate mathematical talent among high school students in the United States. It emphasizes problem-solving skills and creative mathematical thinking over rote computation and traditional curriculum topics. The competition typically consists of several rounds where students receive a set of challenging problems, which they must solve and submit solutions for. The problems often require deep understanding and innovative approaches rather than straightforward application of formulas.

The Worcester County Mathematics League is typically an organization or competition designed to stimulate interest and achievement in mathematics among students in Worcester County. It often involves a series of contests where students from various schools compete in solving mathematical problems. The league may be aimed at middle school or high school students, providing them with a platform to enhance their problem-solving skills, collaborate with peers, and challenge themselves in a competitive environment.