MMTS stands for Micro Macrometeorological Temperature System. It is a system used in meteorology to measure temperature and humidity in the atmosphere. Specifically, MMTS provides detailed data on microclimatic and macroscopic weather conditions, which can be important for various applications including agricultural monitoring, climate research, and environmental studies. The MMTS typically includes sensors that can measure air temperature, relative humidity, and sometimes other parameters such as wind speed and direction.

The Navy Oceanographic Meteorological Automatic Device (NOMAD) is a type of meteorological buoy deployed by naval forces to collect and transmit oceanographic and meteorological data. These buoys are designed to operate in various marine environments and are equipped with sensors to measure a range of parameters, including: 1. **Temperature** - Air and water temperatures. 2. **Salinity** - Measurement of the salt content in seawater.

A nephelometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the concentration of suspended particles in a fluid by determining the amount of light scattered by those particles. The basic principle behind a nephelometer involves passing a beam of light—typically from a laser or other light source—through a sample. When the light interacts with suspended particles in the sample, it scatters at various angles. The amount of light scattered at a specific angle (usually 90 degrees) is measured by a detector.

A nephoscope is an instrument used to measure and study clouds. It specifically helps in observing and recording cloud movements, allowing meteorologists and researchers to analyze cloud patterns and behaviors. The nephoscope typically consists of a telescope or other optical apparatus mounted on a pivot, which lets it track the movement of clouds across the sky. In addition to tracking cloud position, nephoscopes can also provide information about the altitude and speed of cloud formations.

The Plan Position Indicator (PPI) is a navigational tool commonly used in radar systems, particularly in air traffic control and aviation. It visually represents the position of aircraft on a two-dimensional display, showing their location in relation to pre-defined flight paths, airspace, and other navigational aids. The PPI operates on the principle of radar technology, where it emits radio waves that bounce off objects (like aircraft) and return to the radar system.

A rain sensor is a device used to detect the presence of rainfall and is commonly employed in various applications, most notably in automotive and agricultural domains. Here's a brief overview of its functionality and uses: ### Functionality: 1. **Detection Mechanism**: Rain sensors typically use optical, capacitive, or resistive methods to detect moisture.

The Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (Rover EMS) is a research initiative that typically focuses on gathering environmental data from remote locations using autonomous rover systems. These stations are designed to monitor various environmental parameters, such as air quality, temperature, humidity, soil conditions, and other ecological indicators. Rover EMS might be employed in a range of areas including: 1. **Climate Research:** Collecting data to study climate change effects and environmental shifts.

A solarimeter is an instrument designed to measure solar radiation or solar energy. It typically quantifies the amount of sunlight (in terms of watts per square meter) received on a surface area over a specific period of time. Solarimeters are crucial in various fields, including meteorology, solar energy research, agriculture, and environmental studies, as they help assess solar energy availability for applications such as solar panel installation and photovoltaic system design.

A Stevenson screen is a meteorological instrument shelter used to house thermometers and other instruments that measure temperature and humidity. Its primary purpose is to protect these instruments from direct sunlight, precipitation, and other environmental factors that could affect their readings.

A windsock is an aerodynamic device used to indicate the direction and strength of the wind. It is commonly seen at airports, airfields, and weather stations, and consists of a conical textile tube that is open at both ends. When the wind blows, it fills the sock and points in the direction from which the wind is coming, providing pilots and other users with visual information about wind conditions.

Xiangfeng Wu (also spelled as Xiang-Feng Wu) could refer to various subjects, such as a person's name or specific work, but I cannot find contextual information without more detail. It is possible that Xiangfeng Wu is a scholar, artist, or a figure in a specific field.

Governmental meteorological agencies are national or regional organizations responsible for monitoring, forecasting, and researching weather and climate conditions. These agencies play a crucial role in providing accurate and timely weather information, which can be used for various purposes, including public safety, agriculture, transportation, and emergency management. Key functions of governmental meteorological agencies typically include: 1. **Weather Forecasting**: Providing daily forecasts, severe weather alerts, and long-term climate predictions.

The Global Observing Systems Information Center (GOSIC) is a component of the Global Observing System (GOS) initiative, which aims to provide comprehensive data and information related to the global environment, climate, and weather patterns. It serves as a centralized repository and dissemination platform for observing system data from various sources, including satellites, ground-based stations, and other monitoring systems.

Atmospheric electricity refers to the electric charges and electric fields present in the Earth's atmosphere. This phenomenon encompasses various processes and phenomena, including: 1. **Thunderstorms and Lightning**: One of the most familiar aspects of atmospheric electricity is the generation of lightning. Thunderstorms create significant electrical charge separation between different parts of the cloud and between the cloud and the ground. Lightning occurs as a discharge of this accumulated electrical energy.

Clear-air turbulence (CAT) is a type of turbulence that occurs in clear air, typically at high altitudes, and is often associated with jet streams or weather fronts. Unlike turbulence that occurs in turbulent weather conditions with visible clouds or storms, CAT can happen suddenly and without warning in clear skies, making it challenging for pilots to detect and avoid.

Pinhas Alpert is a notable figure in the field of aviation and aerospace engineering, particularly known for his work related to the development of advanced technologies in this field. He may be recognized for various contributions, including research, innovation, or leadership roles in relevant organizations or institutions.

The TOtable Tornado Observatory (T2O) is a mobile scientific facility designed to conduct research on tornadoes and severe weather events. It provides scientists and meteorologists with the ability to observe and collect data in real-time during tornado events. The observatory typically includes advanced instruments for measuring various atmospheric conditions, high-speed cameras, and other tools that help in understanding the dynamics of tornado formation, behavior, and their impacts.

The Saharan Air Layer (SAL) is a mass of dry, dusty air that originates over the Sahara Desert in North Africa. It is typically found in the mid-troposphere and can extend thousands of kilometers westward over the Atlantic Ocean and sometimes even reach the Caribbean and parts of the Americas. The SAL is characterized by its high temperatures, low humidity, and the presence of mineral dust.

The Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society (AMOS) is a professional organization in Australia that focuses on the fields of meteorology and oceanography. Established to promote the understanding and advancement of these sciences, AMOS serves as a platform for professionals, researchers, educators, and students who are involved in atmospheric and oceanographic research and application.

The Aviation Weather Center (AWC) is a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States that provides weather information specifically for the aviation community. Its primary mission is to enhance the safety and efficiency of flight operations by providing accurate and timely weather forecasts, advisories, and other meteorological information relevant to aviation.