D* (pronounced "D-star") is a dynamic pathfinding algorithm used in robotics and artificial intelligence for real-time path planning in environments where obstacles may change over time. It is particularly useful in situations where a robot needs to navigate through a space that may have shifting or unknown obstacles. D* was originally developed for applications in mobile robotics, allowing a robot to efficiently update its path as the environment changes.

The Quantum Cramér–Rao bound (QCRB) is a fundamental result in quantum estimation theory. It generalizes the classical Cramér-Rao bound to the realm of quantum mechanics, providing a theoretical lower limit on the variance of unbiased estimators for quantum parameters. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Parameter Estimation**: In quantum mechanics, one often wishes to estimate parameters (like phase, frequency, etc.) of quantum states.

Quantum illumination is a protocol and concept in quantum information science and quantum optics, which is primarily used for the detection of weak signals in the presence of noise. It is based on the principles of quantum mechanics and leverages entanglement and quantum correlations to improve detection performance. In classical sensing scenarios, detecting a faint signal (like a weak reflection from an object) can be challenging because of environmental noise that obscures the signal. Quantum illumination utilizes pairs of entangled photons.

Quantum radar is an advanced technology that utilizes principles of quantum mechanics to improve the detection and imaging capabilities of radar systems. Unlike traditional radar systems that use classical electromagnetic waves, quantum radar leverages quantum correlations and entanglement to enhance sensitivity and performance, particularly in challenging environments. Key features of quantum radar include: 1. **Quantum Entanglement**: Quantum radar may employ entangled photons, where the properties of one photon are correlated with those of another.

The term "Quantum refereed game" seems to refer to a concept that blends ideas from quantum mechanics with game theory or game design. However, as of my last update in October 2023, there isn’t a widely recognized concept specifically named "Quantum refereed game" in established literature. In game theory, concepts can be enhanced or complicated by incorporating principles from quantum mechanics, leading to what is sometimes referred to as "quantum games.

A **quantum register** is a fundamental concept in quantum computing, analogous to a classical register in classical computing. It is a collection of quantum bits, or qubits, which are the basic units of quantum information. ### Key Features of Quantum Registers: 1. **Qubits**: Each quantum register consists of qubits. Unlike classical bits, which can be either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a superposition of states.

Dual-beta is a financial concept related to the risk management and performance evaluation of assets or portfolios. Traditionally, the beta coefficient (often just called "beta") measures the sensitivity of an asset's returns to the returns of the overall market. A beta of 1 indicates that the asset tends to move in line with the market, while a beta less than 1 implies lower volatility and greater stability, whereas a beta greater than 1 suggests higher volatility and risk.

The **Range Criterion** is a concept often used in the context of optimal control theory, decision-making, or systems analysis. It generally refers to a method for evaluating the performance or effectiveness of different strategies or solutions based on the variability or range of outcomes they produce. In specific applications, the Range Criterion can mean the following: 1. **Statistical Analysis**: In statistics, the range is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of a dataset.

A spin qubit quantum computer is a type of quantum computing architecture that uses the intrinsic spin of particles, such as electrons or nuclei, as the basic unit of information, known as a qubit (quantum bit).

Superdense coding is a quantum communication protocol that allows two parties to communicate more information than is typically possible using classical bits. It is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly the phenomenon of entanglement. In superdense coding, two parties (often referred to as Alice and Bob) share an entangled pair of qubits.

Trace distance is a concept from quantum information theory that quantifies the distinguishability between two quantum states, represented by density matrices. It is a useful measure for analyzing how different two quantum states are and has applications in quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum mechanics in general.

Jean-Pierre Jouannaud is a French computer scientist known for his contributions to the fields of computer science and mathematics, particularly in areas such as term rewriting, functional programming, and programming language theory. He has worked on formal methods and has published numerous papers in these areas. Jouannaud is associated with various academic institutions and has played a role in advancing research in computer science through his work.

In statistics, a "cohort" refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience within a defined period. This term is often used in longitudinal studies or epidemiological research, where researchers track the health, behaviors, or outcomes of this particular group over time. Cohorts are typically formed based on specific criteria, such as: 1. **Birth Cohorts:** Individuals born in the same year or range of years (e.g., baby boomers).

Demographers are social scientists who study the characteristics, dynamics, and trends of populations. They analyze data related to population size, distribution, density, and changes over time due to births, deaths, migration, and aging. Demographers use statistical methods and tools to interpret demographic data and often focus on various aspects such as fertility rates, mortality rates, population growth, and demographic shifts in specific regions or groups.

The census in China is a systematic and periodic official count of the population and housing in the country. It is conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBS) and aims to gather essential demographic, social, and economic data about the population, including factors such as age, gender, education level, marital status, occupation, and migration status. China conducts a national census every 10 years, with the most recent one taking place in 2020.

The low birth-weight paradox refers to a phenomenon observed in some populations where low birth weight (LBW), typically defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams (about 5.5 pounds), is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality in infants, while paradoxically, in certain contexts, LBW can be correlated with positive outcomes in terms of socioeconomic status and long-term health in the children who survive.

Population projection is the process of estimating the future population of a specific area, such as a country or region, based on current and historical demographic data. This involves analyzing various factors, including birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration patterns, to predict how the population will change over time.

Preventable causes of death refer to deaths that could potentially have been avoided through timely intervention, effective public health policies, or changes in individual behavior. These causes often relate to lifestyle choices, access to healthcare, or socio-economic conditions. Common examples include: 1. **Tobacco Use**: Lung cancer, heart disease, and other smoking-related illnesses can often be prevented by avoiding tobacco products.

The "Roe Effect" refers to a theoretical phenomenon in which the legalization of abortion leads to a decline in the birth rate of certain demographics, particularly those who are more likely to support pro-choice policies. The term is derived from the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade (1973), which legalized abortion nationwide.

"The Fixed Future" typically refers to a concept or narrative that suggests a predetermined or unchangeable outcome for events, often associated with philosophical, theological, or speculative discussions about fate, destiny, or the nature of time. It can imply that certain events or outcomes in life are set and cannot be altered by human actions or choices.