An elementary number refers to a number that is part of basic arithmetic and number theory—specifically, it typically refers to the integers, rational numbers, or certain simple constructs in mathematics. The term can also refer to specific types of numbers, such as the natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...), whole numbers (0, 1, 2, ...), negative integers, or even certain classes of rational numbers.

Ihara's lemma is a result in number theory, specifically in the study of zeta functions of curves over finite fields. The lemma relates the zeta function of a geometrically irreducible smooth projective curve over a finite field to the properties of its function field.

The Siegel G-function is a complex function that arises in the theory of analytic number theory, particularly in the area of modular forms and automorphic forms. It is named after the German mathematician Carl Ludwig Siegel, who made significant contributions to number theory and related fields. In a broad sense, the Siegel G-function can be viewed as a generalization of the classical gamma function and is associated with several variables.

A **super-prime** is a special type of prime number that is itself prime and also has a prime index in the ordered sequence of all prime numbers.

A Queen's graph is a type of graph used in combinatorial mathematics that is derived from the movement abilities of a queen in the game of chess. In chess, a queen can move any number of squares vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, making it a particularly powerful piece. In the context of graph theory, a Queen's graph represents the possible moves of queens on a chessboard.

Baker's theorem pertains to the field of complex analysis, specifically dealing with functions that can be expressed through power series. More formally, it relates to the growth of meromorphic functions, which are functions that are holomorphic (complex differentiable) everywhere except for a set of isolated poles.

Serre's modularity conjecture, proposed by Jean-Pierre Serre in the 1980s, is a deep and influential hypothesis in the field of number theory, particularly concerning the relationship between modular forms and elliptic curves.

The Turán–Kubilius inequality is a result in number theory and probabilistic number theory, often related to the distribution of prime numbers. It provides a bound on the probability that certain events, often concerning the sums of random variables, will occur.

Dickson's conjecture is a hypothesis in number theory proposed by the mathematician Leonard Eugene Dickson in 1904. It relates to the distribution of prime numbers and specifically addresses the behavior of prime numbers in arithmetic progressions. The conjecture states that for any given set of integer numbers \(a_1, a_2, ...

Euler's constant, commonly denoted by the symbol \( e \), is a mathematical constant that is approximately equal to 2.71828. It serves as the base of the natural logarithm and is extensively used in various areas of mathematics, particularly in calculus, complex analysis, and number theory.

The Waring–Goldbach problem is a question in number theory that is an extension of Waring's problem. Specifically, it concerns the representation of even integers as sums of prime numbers. The statement of the problem can be framed as follows: For every even integer \( n \), is there a way to express \( n \) as a sum of a bounded number of prime numbers?

A Noetherian topological space is a type of topological space that satisfies a particular property related to its open sets, inspired by Noetherian rings in algebra. Specifically, a topological space \( X \) is called Noetherian if it satisfies the following condition: - **Finite Intersection Property**: Every open cover of \( X \) has a finite subcover.

Non-well-founded set theory is a branch of set theory that allows for sets that can contain themselves as elements, either directly or indirectly, leading to the formation of infinite descending chains. This is in contrast to classical set theory, particularly Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory with the Axiom of Foundation (or Axiom of Regularity), which restricts sets to be well-founded.

The Well-ordering principle is a fundamental concept in set theory and mathematics that states that every non-empty set of non-negative integers (or positive integers) contains a least element.

Dots is a simple yet engaging puzzle game where players aim to connect dots of the same color on a grid to create lines. The main goal is to connect as many dots as possible within a limited number of moves or time. Players can connect dots horizontally or vertically, and the more dots they connect in a single move, the more points they earn.

"Misfit" is a short story by the author and playwright J. D. Salinger, known for exploring themes such as alienation, identity, and the struggles of adolescence. The story often revolves around characters who feel out of place or disconnected from society, reflecting Salinger's recurring exploration of the complexities of human experience.

Sir Cumference is a fictional character often used in educational contexts, particularly in mathematics, to help explain concepts related to circles, geometry, and mathematics in general. The character is typically portrayed as a knight whose adventures revolve around geometric principles. The name "Sir Cumference" is a playful pun on the term "circumference," which refers to the distance around a circle. The character is often featured in a series of children's books that aim to make learning about math fun and engaging.