Valentin Turchin was a prominent Soviet and American computer scientist, known for his work in artificial intelligence, cybernetics, and the philosophy of science. Born on March 15, 1931, Turchin made significant contributions to the field, particularly through his development of the concept of "self-organization" in complex systems. He also worked on the formalization of the idea of "intelligence" within machines and explored the implications of computing and intelligence in society.

Thermoception is the sensory perception of temperature, allowing organisms to detect heat and cold. It involves specialized receptors in the skin and other tissues that respond to thermal stimuli. In humans and many animals, thermoreceptors can sense temperature changes and help regulate body temperature by triggering responses such as sweating or shivering. Thermoception plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and enabling organisms to adapt to their thermal environment.

Wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a composite temperature index that considers several environmental factors to assess heat stress and its potential impacts on humans. It incorporates measurements of air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and radiant heat, providing a more comprehensive indication of outdoor heat conditions than traditional temperature readings alone. The WBGT is commonly used in occupational health and safety, particularly in settings where workers may be exposed to high temperatures, such as in construction, agriculture, and military activities.

Affinity electrophoresis is a specialized technique used to separate and analyze biomolecules, usually proteins or nucleic acids, based on their specific interactions with other molecules. This method combines the principles of electrophoresis with affinity chromatography, relying on the specific binding characteristics between an analyte and a ligand. In affinity electrophoresis, the separation process is typically performed on a gel or in a solution where the desired ligand is immobilized.

DNA-templated organic synthesis is an innovative technique that uses DNA molecules as templates to facilitate the synthesis of organic compounds in a highly selective manner. This method exploits the unique properties of DNA, such as its ability to form specific base-pairing interactions and its structural stability, to guide the assembly of small organic molecules.

The eyespot apparatus, also known as an eyespot or ocular device, is a specialized structure found in certain unicellular organisms, particularly in some protozoans and algae. Its primary function is to detect light, helping the organism navigate towards or away from light sources, a behavior known as phototaxis. In terms of structure, an eyespot apparatus typically consists of a combination of pigment granules and photoreceptive cells.

Functional genomics is a branch of molecular biology that focuses on understanding the relationship between an organism's genome (the complete set of its genetic material) and its biological function. This field aims to elucidate how genes and their products (such as proteins) interact and contribute to cellular processes, organism development, and overall organismal phenotype.

An isoschizomer is a type of restriction enzyme that recognizes the same DNA sequence as another enzyme but may cut it at different sites within that sequence or have different activities. Essentially, both isoschizomers can target the same sequence for cleavage, but they may not necessarily produce the same DNA fragments when they cut.

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids, which are essential molecules in living organisms. Nucleotides serve as the monomers that link together to form DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

PstI is a restriction enzyme that is widely used in molecular biology for the purpose of cutting DNA at specific sites. It is classified as a Type II restriction endonuclease, meaning it recognizes specific palindromic DNA sequences and cleaves the DNA at or near these sites.

R.EcoRII, more commonly known as EcoRII, is a type II restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium *Escherichia coli* strain RY13 (the source of the enzyme's name). Restriction enzymes are proteins that recognize specific sequences of nucleotides in DNA and cleave the DNA at or close to these sites.

Ahmed Sameh could refer to a wide range of individuals, as it is a relatively common name in some cultures, particularly in Arabic-speaking regions. Without additional context, it's difficult to determine exactly who you might be referring to.

Lieven De Lathauwer is a Belgian mathematician known for his contributions to the fields of algebraic topology, representation theory, and related areas. He has been involved in research focusing on various mathematical concepts and has published numerous papers in academic journals.

Daniel D. Joseph is a notable figure in the field of engineering, particularly known for his contributions to the areas of fluid dynamics and applied mathematics. He is often recognized for his research on fluid mechanics, specifically in topics such as boundary layer theory and stability analysis. Joseph has authored and co-authored numerous technical papers and books throughout his career, contributing to the academic discourse in his field.

"Frank T. Smith" could refer to a number of different individuals or entities depending on the context. If you are referring to a specific person, such as a notable figure, author, or professional in a certain field, please provide more context. Alternatively, it could be a name associated with a business, organization, or brand.

John R. Womersley is a prominent figure in the field of applied mathematics and mathematical physics. He is best known for his work in areas such as fluid dynamics and mathematical methods in physics. One of his notable contributions is the Womersley number, a dimensionless number in biofluid mechanics that characterizes the oscillatory flow of fluids in cylindrical tubes (such as blood flow in arteries).

Leonid Leibenson is a notable figure in various fields, particularly in the tech industry, but specific information about him might not be widely recognized or available in general knowledge sources. He may be known for contributions in areas such as software development or technology innovations.

Maurice Couette was a French physicist known for his contributions to fluid mechanics. He is best recognized for the "Couette flow," which describes the motion of a viscous fluid in the space between two parallel plates when one plate is moving while the other is stationary. This scenario helps in the study of shear flow and the determination of viscosity in fluids. Couette's work laid the foundation for further studies in rheology, the science that deals with the deformation and flow of matter.

Ricardo Vinuesa is a researcher and academic known for his work in the fields of computational science, applied mathematics, and fluid dynamics. He has contributed to various studies involving machine learning, artificial intelligence, and their applications in engineering and physical sciences. In addition to his research, Vinuesa may also be involved in teaching and mentoring at a university level, focusing on these advanced topics. For more specific and up-to-date information, additional context about his current position or research focus might be needed.

Relative risk (RR) is a measure used in epidemiology to compare the risk of a particular event (such as developing a disease) occurring in two different groups. It quantifies the likelihood of an event happening in one group relative to another group, typically comparing those exposed to a risk factor with those who are not.