Electronic specific heat refers to the contribution of electrons to the specific heat capacity of a material, particularly in the context of metals and conductors at low temperatures. Specific heat is a measure of how much heat energy is required to change the temperature of a substance.

Pressure is defined as the force exerted per unit area on a surface. It is a scalar quantity, meaning it has magnitude but no direction. The formula to calculate pressure (P) is: \[ P = \frac{F}{A} \] where: - \( P \) is the pressure, - \( F \) is the force applied, - \( A \) is the area over which the force is distributed.

Julius von Mayer (1814–1878) was a German physicist and one of the key figures in the development of the concept of energy conservation in physics. He is best known for formulating the first law of thermodynamics, which states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. Mayer's work laid the foundation for the understanding of the relationship between different forms of energy, such as heat and mechanical work.

Richard Sears McCulloh (born 1931) is a notable American mathematician known primarily for his work in functional and harmonic analysis. He has contributed to various fields within mathematics and has been involved in academic teaching and research.

Victor Gustave Robin is a French physician known for his contributions to the field of medicine, particularly in the area of pathology.

"On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances" is a seminal work by the physicist and chemist J. Willard Gibbs, published in 1876. This work is renowned for its foundational contributions to the field of thermodynamics and physical chemistry, particularly in the context of phase equilibria.

The Cheng cycle, also known as the Cheng process, is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the operation of certain types of heat engines and engines designed for specific applications, particularly those involving low-temperature heat sources or waste heat recovery. The cycle includes processes that utilize phase change and often incorporates components such as heat exchangers, compressors, and expanders.

The Edmonds–Karp algorithm is an implementation of the Ford-Fulkerson method for computing the maximum flow in a flow network. It uses a breadth-first search (BFS) approach to find augmenting paths in the residual graph, which helps to ensure that the maximum flow is computed in polynomial time.

The term "level of free convection" typically refers to the degree or intensity of free convection occurring in a fluid. Free convection, also known as natural convection, occurs when fluid motion is caused by the buoyancy forces that arise due to density differences in the fluid, often due to temperature gradients. When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and tends to rise, while cooler, denser fluid descends.

The Siemens cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that is used in gas turbine power plants and is particularly known for its application in industrial gas turbines and combined cycle power plants. It is characterized by its use of a regenerator, which enhances the efficiency of the cycle by recovering and reusing waste heat.

Vibrational temperature is a concept in molecular physics and thermodynamics that relates to the vibrational energy levels of molecules. It is often used to understand the population of molecules in different vibrational states at a given temperature. In quantum mechanics, molecules can exist in various vibrational states, each corresponding to a specific energy level. At thermal equilibrium, the distribution of these states among a collection of molecules follows the Boltzmann distribution, which is influenced by the temperature of the system.

The Fujita Scale, also known as the F-scale, is a system for classifying the intensity of tornadoes based on the damage they cause to buildings and vegetation. Developed by Dr. Tetsuya Fujita in 1971, the scale ranges from F0 to F5, with F0 representing the weakest tornadoes and F5 representing the most violent ones.

A satellite tornado is a term used to describe a smaller tornado that forms in close proximity to a larger, stronger parent tornado. These satellite tornadoes usually occur in the vicinity of the main vortex and are often seen rotating around it. They can develop from the same thunderstorm or supercell that produces the primary tornado, and while they are typically weaker than the main tornado, they can still cause damage.

A Tornado Intercept Vehicle (TIV) is a specialized vehicle designed to study and intercept tornadoes up close, providing researchers with the ability to gather real-time data about these severe weather phenomena. The TIV is often equipped with advanced technology, including high-speed cameras, weather instruments, and various sensors to measure wind speed, temperature, pressure, and other atmospheric conditions associated with tornadoes. The vehicle is typically heavily reinforced to withstand high winds and debris, allowing it to operate in extreme conditions.

The term "tornado outbreak sequence" refers to a series of tornadoes that occur within a specific timeframe and geographical area, often associated with a particular weather system, such as a severe thunderstorm or a frontal system. These outbreaks can result in multiple tornadoes forming over several hours or days, sometimes affecting large regions and causing significant damage.

Lists of tropical cyclones refer to organized compilations of storms that have formed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. These lists typically include information such as the name of the cyclone, its formation and dissipation dates, intensity, impacts, and areas affected by the storm. Tropical cyclones are classified as hurricanes, typhoons, or simply tropical storms depending on their location and intensity.

A steam devil is a weather phenomenon that resembles a small tornado or water spout and occurs over a body of water, particularly when warm, moist air rises rapidly. It is characterized by the rotation of moist air that picks up water vapor and creates a visible column or whirl. Steam devils often form on warm days when the temperature of the water is significantly higher than the air above it, resulting in strong convection currents.

The Naruto Whirlpools, or "Naruto no Uzumaki," are a natural phenomenon located in the Naruto Strait in Japan, between Shikoku and Awaji Island. These whirlpools are known for their impressive size and powerful currents, which can reach up to 20 meters (about 66 feet) in diameter.

A sequence covering map is a mathematical concept often found in the field of topology and algebraic topology. It is related to the study of covering spaces and can be understood in the context of sequences of spaces or topological maps.

The Chow group is a fundamental concept in algebraic geometry and is used to study algebraic cycles on algebraic varieties. It plays a crucial role in intersection theory, the study of the intersection properties of algebraic cycles, and in the formulation of various cohomological theories.