William Shadish is a prominent figure in the fields of social science research and evaluation. He is known for his work on research methods, evaluation, and systematic reviews. His contributions include advancements in understanding causal inference, particularly through the development of methodological frameworks that integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches. Shadish has authored and co-authored numerous publications, including books and articles that address issues related to program evaluation and research design.

Haplotype estimation and genotype imputation are important components of genetic analysis, especially in the context of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and population genetics. Below is a list of some popular software tools used for haplotype estimation and genotype imputation: ### Haplotype Estimation Software: 1. **PHASE**: A software package for estimating haplotypes from genotype data, often used in population genetics.

NEST (Neural Simulation Tool) is an open-source software platform designed for the simulation of large-scale neural networks. It provides a framework for modeling the dynamics of spiking neural networks, facilitating research in computational neuroscience by allowing users to simulate the behavior of neural circuits. Key features of NEST include: 1. **Scalability**: NEST can simulate networks of varying sizes, from small circuits to large-scale brain-like structures, making it suitable for both detailed and abstract modeling.

Brain-body interaction refers to the intricate and dynamic communication between the brain and various bodily systems. This interplay is crucial for regulating numerous physiological processes, behaviors, and responses to the environment. The interaction can be understood through multiple dimensions: 1. **Neurophysiological Communication**: The brain communicates with the body through the nervous system.

The Morris–Lecar model is a mathematical model used to describe the electrical activity of neurons, specifically the action potentials generated by excitable cells. It was developed by biophysicists Gary Morris and Giorgio Lecar in the late 1980s as a simplification of the more complex Hodgkin-Huxley model.

The Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium (ANTS) is a biennial conference that focuses on the intersection of number theory and computer science, particularly the algorithmic aspects of number theory. It typically brings together researchers and practitioners who are interested in theoretical and practical problems related to algorithms in number theory, including topics like cryptography, computational arithmetic, integer factorization, and more.

The Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment, conducted in the 1950s by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines, was pivotal in the detection of neutrinos, a fundamental particle in particle physics. This experiment was the first to provide experimental evidence for the existence of neutrinos, which were proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 as a solution to the apparent loss of energy in beta decay processes.

American Scout Seamount is an underwater volcano located in the Pacific Ocean, part of the seamount chain known as the Hawaiian-Emperor seamounts. Seamounts are submarine mountains formed by volcanic activity, and they can be significant ecological habitats, often supporting diverse marine life. American Scout Seamount is situated to the northwest of the main Hawaiian Islands.

"American Standard" is an album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor, released on February 28, 2020. The album features a collection of classic American songs and standards, showcasing Taylor's distinctive style and interpretation. The tracklist includes well-known songs that span various genres, including jazz, pop, and folk influences. Taylor's smooth vocals, accompanied by his signature acoustic guitar work, bring a fresh take to these timeless tracks.

Poroelasticity is a theoretical framework that describes the mechanical behavior of saturated porous materials that contain both a solid matrix and a fluid phase (often water). It combines the principles of elasticity, which deals with the deformation of solids under stress, with those of fluid flow through porous media. Poroelastic materials are commonly found in a variety of natural and engineering contexts, including geological formations, biological tissues, and civil engineering materials.

An amicable triple is a generalization of the concept of amicable numbers. While amicable numbers are two different integers where each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the other, an amicable triple consists of three different integers \( (a, b, c) \) such that the sum of the proper divisors of each integer equals the sum of the other two.

A Minor Forest is a post-rock band from the United States, known for their intricate instrumental compositions and blending of various genres. The term "A Minor Forest compilation albums" likely refers to collections of music from or related to the band, though they may not have a specific series of compilation albums under that exact title.

Amy C. Clement is a notable climate scientist known for her work in the fields of atmospheric science and climate modeling. She has contributed to research on climate variability, the impacts of climate change, and the role of ocean circulation in the climate system. Clement is often associated with studying how climate processes interact over different time scales. Her research is significant in understanding both past and future climate change scenarios, and she has published numerous papers in scientific journals on these topics.

Chore division refers to the process of fairly distributing household tasks or responsibilities among members of a household, such as family members or roommates. The goal is to ensure that everyone contributes to maintaining a clean and organized living space, preventing one person from feeling overwhelmed or burdened by an unequal share of chores. Chore division can involve various methods, such as: 1. **Equal Distribution:** Assigning tasks equally based on the number of people in the household, ensuring that everyone has an equal workload.

Cristian S. Calude is a prominent computer scientist known for his contributions to theoretical computer science, particularly in the fields of algorithmic information theory, formal languages, and the foundations of computation. He has published extensive research and has been involved in various academic activities, including organizing conferences and editorial work for scientific journals. Calude is also notable for his work in the area of quantum computing and its implications for the theory of computation.

A quantum logic clock is an advanced type of timekeeping device that utilizes the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve unprecedented levels of precision and accuracy in measuring time. Unlike conventional atomic clocks, which primarily rely on the vibrations of atoms to keep time, quantum logic clocks harness quantum states and their superpositions to refine the measurements.

Critical exponents are a set of numbers that describe how physical quantities behave near continuous phase transitions. A phase transition is a transformation between different states of matter, such as solid, liquid, and gas, or changes between ordered and disordered phases, like in magnets or fluids. Continuous (or second-order) phase transitions occur without a latent heat and are characterized by diverging correlation lengths, specific heat, and other thermodynamic properties.

Quantum pseudo-telepathy refers to a fascinating phenomenon that arises in the context of quantum mechanics and quantum information theory. It describes a situation in which two or more parties can achieve outcomes that seem to suggest some form of instantaneous communication or coordination (akin to telepathy) without any classical means of communication or signaling between them.

Quantum technology refers to the application of principles from quantum mechanics to develop new technologies and systems that leverage the unique properties of quantum systems. Quantum mechanics is the fundamental theory in physics that describes nature at the smallest scales, such as atoms and subatomic particles. Quantum technologies are built upon the exploitation of phenomena such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling.

In the context of radiotherapy, D50 refers to the dose of radiation that is required to achieve a specific biological effect in 50% of a given population or cells. This metric is often used in radiobiology and treatment planning to evaluate the effectiveness of a radiation dose in achieving tumor control or in assessing the probability of adverse effects in surrounding healthy tissues.