The cool thing about parallel evolution is that it shows how complex phenotype can evolve from very different initial genetic conditions, highlighting the great power of evolution.

We list some cool ones at: polyphyly.

For some reason, this is one of the things that makes Ciro Santilli want to puke the most. More than surgery or blood.

uk.vwr.com/store/product/8306728/microcentrifuges-ventilated-refrigerated-micro-star-17-17r (archive).

Nope, it is not a Greek letter, notably it is not a lowercase delta. It is just some random made up symbol that looks like a letter D. Which is of course derived from delta, which is why it is all so damn confusing.

I think the symbol is usually just read as "D" as in "d f d x" for $\frac{\partial F(x,y,z)}{\partial x}$.

At the time of the experiment, Illumina equipment was cheaper per base pair and dominates the human genome sequencing market, but it required a much higher initial investment for the equipment (TODO how much).

The reusable Nanopore device costs just about 500 dollars, and about 500 dollars (50 unit volume) for the single usage flow cell which can decode up to 30 billion base pairs, which is about 10 human genomes 1x! Note that 1x is basically useless for one of the most important of all applications of sequencing: detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms, since the error rate would be too high to base clinical decisions on.

Compare that to Illumina which is currently doing about an 1000 dollar human genome at 30x, and a bit less errors per base pair (TODO how much).

Other advantages of the MinION over Illumina which didn't really matter to this particular experiment are:

Group of students that represent students academic views about the courses.

Predicted by the Dirac equation.

We've likely known since forever that photons are created: just turn on a light and see gazillion of them come out!

Photon creation is easy because photons are massless, so there is not minimum energy to create them.

The creation of other particles is much rarer however, and took longer to be discovered, one notable milestone being the discovery of the positron.

In the case of the electron, we need to start with at least enough energy for the mass of the electron positron pair. This requires a photon with wavelength in the picometer range, which is not common in the thermal radiation of daily life.

One of the leading figures of the early development of quantum electrodynamics.

Funding:

Basically ensuring that good AI alignment allows us to survive the singularity.