The term "Nova" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context. Here are a few notable references: 1. **Astronomy**: In an astronomical context, a nova is a cataclysmic nuclear explosion on the surface of a white dwarf star. It can cause a sudden increase in brightness, sometimes making the nova visible from Earth even if it was previously too dim to see.

A transequatorial loop refers to a specific type of coronal loop observed in solar physics, particularly in the context of the sun's magnetic field and solar atmosphere. These loops are essentially massive structures of plasma that extend from one hemisphere of the sun to another, crossing the equatorial plane. They are associated with the sun's magnetic field and are generally formed during periods of solar activity, such as solar flares or coronal mass ejections.

2018 VG18 is an object in the outer region of our solar system that is classified as a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). Specifically, it is also categorized as a "distant object" or "extended object" of the Kuiper Belt. Discovered in 2018, 2018 VG18 is notable for being one of the most distant known solar system objects, with its orbit taking it far beyond Neptune.

Red rain is a phenomenon that occurred in Kerala, India, primarily in the summer of 2001, when heavy rain was reported to contain red-colored particles. The unusual color of the rain led to a variety of speculations and scientific investigations. Initially, residents were concerned about the source of the red coloration, with some attributing it to pollution or a possible biological event.

The Rayleigh law, also known as Rayleigh scattering, describes the scattering of light or other electromagnetic radiation by particles that are much smaller than the wavelength of the light. It is significant in the field of optics and atmospheric science.

Chaotic scattering refers to a phenomenon in dynamical systems, particularly in the context of scattering processes, where the trajectories of particles become highly sensitive to initial conditions due to the underlying chaotic dynamics of the system. In chaotic scattering, small changes in the initial conditions of incoming particles can lead to vastly different scattering outcomes.

Fano resonance is a phenomenon that occurs in quantum systems and is characterized by an interference effect between a discrete quantum state and a continuum of states. It arises in various fields, including atomic, molecular, and condensed matter physics, as well as in optics and photonics. The Fano resonance is named after the Italian physicist Ugo Fano, who introduced the concept in the 1960s.

Fractional vortices refer to a phenomenon in condensed matter physics, particularly in the context of superfluidity and superconductivity. These are defects in the order parameter of a superfluid or a superconductor where the vorticity is not an integer multiple of \(2\pi\). In simpler terms, while classical vortices are characterized by a circulation that corresponds to an integer number of quantum units, fractional vortices possess a circulation that is a fraction of that.

Metallic hydrogen is a phase of hydrogen that is theorized to occur under extremely high pressures. In this state, hydrogen molecules (H₂) are thought to dissociate into individual hydrogen atoms, which can then exhibit properties similar to metals, including electrical conductivity. This phenomenon is predicted to occur because at high pressures, the electron orbitals of hydrogen atoms overlap, allowing them to behave like a sea of delocalized electrons, similar to metals.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory that describes the strong interaction, one of the four fundamental forces in nature, responsible for holding quarks together to form protons, neutrons, and other hadrons. The QCD vacuum refers to the state of lowest energy in the QCD framework, which is fundamentally different from the classical concept of a vacuum. In classical physics, a vacuum is simply an emptiness devoid of matter and energy.

The Trouton–Noble experiment is a historical physics experiment designed to test the existence of the luminiferous ether, a hypothetical medium that was once thought to permeate space and facilitate the propagation of light waves. The experiment was conducted by physicists Frederick Thomas Trouton and Henry William Noble in 1903.

Nano-suction technology refers to a type of adhesive technology that utilizes microscopic suction cups or features to create a bond between surfaces without the use of traditional adhesives or sticky substances. This technology often involves surfaces that are engineered at the nanoscale to enhance their properties. ### Key Features and Applications: 1. **Microscopic Structure**: Nano-suction surfaces are made up of countless tiny suction cups or structures that create a vacuum when pressed against a surface.

Vacuum cementing is a technique used in various industrial applications, particularly in the field of construction and civil engineering, to improve the bonding of cementitious materials. It involves the use of a vacuum to remove air and moisture from the mixing environment or the materials themselves, which can enhance the properties of the cement mix, such as its strength, workability, and overall performance.

An electrical element is a fundamental component in electrical engineering and electronics that can perform a specific function in an electric circuit. These elements can be categorized into passive and active components: 1. **Passive Electrical Elements**: These elements do not provide gain and include components such as: - **Resistors**: Limit the flow of electric current and drop voltage. - **Capacitors**: Store and release electrical energy in an electric field.

Pressure vessels are containers designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure. They are used in various industries, including oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation, and water treatment. The main function of a pressure vessel is to safely contain substances under pressure, which can pose risks if not properly managed. ### Key Characteristics of Pressure Vessels: 1. **Design Standards**: Pressure vessels must comply with various design standards and regulations to ensure their safety and reliability.

The Liverpool Hydraulic Power Company was established in the late 19th century to provide hydraulic power for industrial and municipal uses in Liverpool, England. It was part of a broader trend during that period, where cities developed hydraulic systems to power various machinery, such as cranes, lifts, and other equipment used in docks and factories. The company operated a network of high-pressure hydraulic mains, which supplied hydraulic power to various users around the city.

The Rock-O-Plane is a type of amusement park ride that is often categorized as a flat ride or thrill ride. It typically consists of a circular platform that rotates while elevating passengers in swinging gondolas or cars. The design often includes a track or framework that allows the gondolas to swing outward as they gain momentum, creating a sensation of weightlessness and excitement as they move through the ride's looping motions.

Amusement rides can be categorized and listed based on the year they were closed or decommissioned. However, since there are countless amusement parks and rides globally, a comprehensive list would be quite extensive. Instead, I can provide a general overview and examples of notable amusement rides that have been closed each year in recent history. You can typically find such information on databases or resources dedicated to amusement parks, enthusiasts' websites, or preservation groups.