The 21st century has seen several Moldovan mathematicians making contributions to various fields within mathematics. While specific names might not be as widely recognized as those from larger or more historically prominent mathematical communities, there are certainly talented individuals working in areas such as algebra, number theory, topology, and applied mathematics, among others. Moldova has a strong mathematical tradition, with its educational institutions producing many skilled mathematicians who may be involved in research, teaching, and collaboration internationally.

In the context of Wikipedia and similar online platforms, "stubs" refer to articles that are considered incomplete or lacking sufficient detail. A "molecular biology stub" would specifically refer to an article related to molecular biology that provides only basic information and is not fully developed. These articles typically require expansion to include more comprehensive content, such as detailed explanations, additional context, references, and relevant examples.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely known figure or concept specifically named "Nicolae Filip." It's possible that he could be a private individual, a lesser-known public figure, or an emerging personality in a specific field, such as sports, politics, or academia.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, there is no widely recognized figure, term, or concept specifically known as "Stella Gherman." It's possible that it could refer to a person, a brand, a fictional character, or something else that is less well-known or has emerged after my last update.

The 43S pre-initiation complex (PIC) is a crucial assembly in the process of translation initiation in eukaryotic cells. It is formed before the start of protein synthesis and plays a key role in the recognition of the mRNA and the recruitment of the ribosomal subunits necessary for translation.

Base calling is a critical step in the process of DNA sequencing that involves identifying the sequence of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) from the raw data generated by sequencing machines. After sequencing, the resulting data usually consists of signals, such as fluorescence or electrical signals, depending on the sequencing technology used. Base calling translates these signals into a sequence of bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine, represented by the letters A, T, C, and G).

Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) is a hybrid analytical technique that combines aspects of capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC). It involves the separation of analytes based on their charge and size, using electroosmotic flow in a narrow capillary filled with a stationary phase (such as a packed column or a coated capillary wall).

CRISPR, which stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, is a revolutionary technology in genetics that allows for precise editing of DNA within living organisms. It was originally discovered as a part of the immune system in certain bacteria, which use CRISPR to defend against viruses by storing segments of viral DNA and using them to recognize and cut the same virus during subsequent infections.

Cell-free protein arrays (CFPAs) are an innovative technology used in protein research that enable the rapid and high-throughput production and screening of proteins. Unlike traditional methods that require living cells for protein synthesis, cell-free systems utilize extracts from cells (often reticulocyte lysates or bacterial extracts) that contain all the necessary components for protein translation.

Cell–cell interaction refers to the various ways in which cells communicate, interact, and influence each other's behavior within a tissue or organism. These interactions are crucial for a wide range of biological processes, including development, immune responses, tissue repair, and homeostasis. There are several key mechanisms through which cell–cell interactions occur: 1. **Direct Contact**: Cells can interact through direct physical contact, where proteins on the surface of one cell bind to receptors on another.

Cfr10I (also known as Bse634I) is a restriction enzyme that recognizes and cuts specific DNA sequences. Specifically, Cfr10I recognizes the palindromic DNA sequence G^CGC (where the caret symbol (^) indicates the site where the enzyme makes a cut) and cleaves between the G and C nucleotides.

Emerin is a protein that is encoded by the EMD gene in humans. It is a member of the inner nuclear membrane protein family and plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus of a cell. Emerin is particularly important for muscle cells and has been implicated in muscle function and integrity.

Cloning is a scientific process that involves creating a genetically identical copy of an organism, cell, or DNA sequence. There are several types of cloning, including: 1. **Gene Cloning**: This involves copying a specific gene or segment of DNA. Scientists use various techniques to isolate and replicate a gene, which can then be studied or used for applications such as gene therapy or recombinant protein production.

Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequences (CAPS) are a molecular biology technique used for detecting polymorphisms (variations) in specific regions of DNA. This method combines PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification with restriction enzyme digestion to differentiate between alleles based on the presence or absence of specific restriction sites. Here’s how CAPS works in general: 1. **PCR Amplification**: A target DNA region is amplified using PCR with primers that flank the polymorphic site.

EMBO Reports is a scientific journal published by the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO). It focuses on the dissemination of research findings and reviews in the field of molecular biology. The journal aims to provide a platform for high-quality, peer-reviewed articles that are accessible to a broad audience, including researchers, educators, and practitioners in the life sciences. EMBO Reports often includes original research articles, reviews, opinion pieces, and commentary on various topics within the molecular biology sphere.

Cot filtration, often referred to in the context of the cotton industry, involves the processes and techniques used to clean and purify cotton fibers. This is essential for ensuring that the final cotton product is of high quality, free from impurities, and suitable for further processing into textiles or other products. The filtration process in cotton production typically includes several steps: 1. **Seed Cotton Ginning**: The initial step involves removing seeds and other impurities from the raw cotton.

DH5α (DH5-alpha) cells are a strain of *Escherichia coli* (E. coli) that has been genetically modified to facilitate molecular cloning and DNA manipulation. This strain is derived from the K-12 lineage of E. coli and is commonly used in laboratories for various applications, including the propagation of DNA, protein expression, and cloning.

A DNA-dependent ATPase is a type of enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in a reaction that is coupled to the interaction with DNA. These enzymes play essential roles in various cellular processes, particularly those involving DNA metabolism, such as replication, repair, transcription, and recombination. The mechanism of DNA-dependent ATPases typically involves the enzyme binding to DNA, which induces a conformational change that allows it to hydrolyze ATP.

DNA adenine methyltransferase (Dam) identification refers to the process of detecting and analyzing the presence and activity of adenine methyltransferases in bacteria and other organisms. Dam is an enzyme that methylates the adenine base in specific DNA sequences, typically recognizing the consensus sequence GATC. This methylation plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including: 1. **Replication Control**: Methylation status can influence the timing of DNA replication.

DNA base flipping is a molecular process in which a base (one of the constituent nucleobases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine) in the DNA double helix is temporarily displaced from its complementary strand and rotated out of the helix, exposing it to the solvent. This mechanism can play a critical role in various biological processes, including DNA repair, recognition of specific sequences by proteins, and regulation of gene expression.