In astronomy and atmospheric science, "air mass" refers to a measure of the amount of atmosphere that light from a celestial object, such as a star or planet, passes through before it reaches an observer. It is an important concept in understanding the effects of the Earth's atmosphere on astronomical observations. The air mass is typically expressed in terms of a dimensionless quantity that represents the relative thickness of the atmosphere that light traverses.

The Airship of Clonmacnoise refers to a famous report of a sighting of an unidentified flying object (UFO) that allegedly occurred in Clonmacnoise, Ireland, in the mid-20th century. Specifically, the account dates back to the 15th of April, 1989, when multiple witnesses, including a group of school children and their teacher, reported seeing a large, silvery object in the sky.

Aise Johan de Jong is a Dutch composer and conductor known for his work in contemporary classical music. He has contributed significantly to various musical genres and is recognized for his innovative compositions. His works often explore the intersections of traditional music forms and modern techniques.

A. J. Ayer, or Alfred Jules Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his work in the fields of logical positivism and empiricism. Born on October 29, 1910, and passing on June 27, 1989, Ayer is best known for his 1936 book, "Language, Truth and Logic," where he argued that many metaphysical claims are nonsensical because they cannot be empirically verified.

Ajit Tamhane is a prominent figure in the field of engineering and academia, known primarily for his contributions to statistical signal processing, systems theory, and control theory. He has been associated with various educational and research institutions and has published numerous papers and textbooks on these subjects. Tamhane is recognized for his efforts in advancing research and education in engineering, particularly in the context of developing mathematical models and tools for analyzing complex systems.

The Akra–Bazzi method is a technique used in the analysis of the time complexity of divide-and-conquer algorithms. It provides a systematic way to solve recurrence relations of the form: \[ T(n) = g(n) + \sum_{i=1}^{k} T\left( \frac{n}{b_i} \right) \] where: - \( T(n) \) is the time complexity we want to solve.

Akshay Venkatesh is an Indian-Australian mathematician known for his contributions to various areas of mathematics, including number theory, combinatorics, and representation theory. He was born on November 21, 1981, in India and later moved to Australia. Venkatesh has received several prestigious awards for his work, including the Fields Medal in 2018, which is one of the highest honors in mathematics.

Alan Hywel Jones is not immediately recognizable as a prominent public figure or a widely known topic. It's possible that he could be a private individual or a less widely known figure, or perhaps he became notable after my last knowledge update in October 2021.

Alasdair MacIntyre is a Scottish philosopher best known for his contributions to moral and political philosophy, particularly in the context of virtue ethics, moral philosophy, and the history of ethics. Born in 1929, MacIntyre has had a significant influence on contemporary ethical theory and has written extensively on the nature of moral reasoning, the role of traditions in shaping moral understanding, and the importance of community in ethical life.

Albanian astronomers refer to those individuals from Albania who study astronomy or contribute to the field in various ways, including research, education, or public outreach related to astronomical sciences. Albania has a growing interest in astronomy, and there have been various efforts to promote the study and appreciation of this science within the country. Historically, Albania has produced a number of noteworthy figures in astronomy and related sciences, especially following the establishment of the Institute of Astrophysics in 1970.

Albanian mathematicians have made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics throughout history, though they may not be as widely recognized as mathematicians from some other countries. Here are a few notable Albanian mathematicians and their contributions: 1. **Dritëro Agolli** - Though primarily known as a poet and writer, Agolli also had interests in mathematics and its educational aspects.

Albert Einstein was a theoretical physicist, best known for developing the theory of relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity. Born on March 14, 1879, in Ulm, Germany, he later became a Swiss citizen and eventually settled in the United States. Einstein's most famous equation, \(E = mc^2\), expresses the equivalence of mass and energy and is a cornerstone of modern physics.

"Alexinus" could refer to a few different things depending on the context, as it is not a widely recognized term in popular culture or academia. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **Historical or Literary Reference**: There may be individuals named Alexinus in historical texts or literature, such as ancient figures or characters in stories. 2. **Science or Biology**: It may refer to a genus or species in biological taxonomy, although this would be less common.

Alchemical concepts encompass a wide range of philosophical, spiritual, and practical ideas rooted in the ancient practice of alchemy. Alchemy is often regarded as the precursor to modern chemistry, but it also incorporates metaphysical and symbolic elements. Here are some key concepts within alchemy: 1. **Transmutation**: One of the most famous goals of alchemists was the transmutation of base metals into noble metals, particularly gold.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there is no widely recognized figure or concept known as "Donald J. Summers." It is possible that you might be referring to a lesser-known individual, or there may have been developments after 2021.

Aleph numbers are a family of cardinal numbers used to represent the sizes of infinite sets in set theory. The first Aleph number, denoted as \( \aleph_0 \) (aleph-null or aleph-zero), represents the cardinality of the set of natural numbers, which is the smallest infinite cardinal number.

Alessandro Strumia is an Italian physicist known for his work in the field of theoretical physics, particularly in particle physics and cosmology. He gained attention in various contexts, including his research related to the Large Hadron Collider and questions concerning the properties of elementary particles. Strumia became a controversial figure due to his comments and viewpoints on gender and science, particularly his remarks about women in physics, which were widely criticized and led to debates on gender equality in scientific fields.

Alexey Kavokin is a prominent physicist known for his work in the field of condensed matter physics, particularly in the study of polaritons, which are quasielementary particles resulting from the coupling of photons with excitons in semiconductor structures. His research has contributed significantly to the understanding of non-linear optical phenomena and the development of quantum technologies.

As of my last update in October 2023, there is no widely known individual or entity by the name of Alexander Mourouzis in publicly available sources. It is possible that Alexander Mourouzis could refer to a private individual or a less prominent figure not covered in mainstream media or databases.

Polynomial factorization algorithms are computational methods used to express a polynomial as a product of simpler polynomials, typically of lower degree. These algorithms are important in various fields of mathematics, computer science, and engineering, particularly in areas such as algebra, numerical analysis, control theory, and cryptography. Here are some commonly known algorithms and methods for polynomial factorization: 1. **Factor by Grouping**: This method involves rearranging and grouping terms in the polynomial in order to factor by common factors.