Complexity classes are categories used in computational theory to classify problems based on the resources needed to solve them, such as time and space. They help in understanding how difficult a problem is to solve, depending on the computational model used. ### Key Complexity Classes: 1. **P (Polynomial Time)**: - Contains decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine in polynomial time. Problems in P are generally considered "efficiently solvable.

Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) is a class of optimization problems where the objective is to minimize a quadratic objective function with binary variables. In a QUBO problem, the decision variables can only take two values: 0 or 1.

The Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 (CISADA) is a United States federal law aimed at addressing concerns related to Iran's nuclear program and other activities perceived as threatening to U.S. national security and foreign policy interests. The act was signed into law on July 1, 2010, as an expansion of previous sanctions against Iran.

Compressible flow refers to the flow of fluids in which the density of the fluid changes significantly due to pressure or temperature variations. This is in contrast to incompressible flow, where the fluid density remains nearly constant throughout the flow field. Compressible flow is typically observed in gases, especially when the flow velocity approaches or exceeds the speed of sound (approximately 343 meters per second or 1,125 feet per second at sea level and at 20 degrees Celsius).

Gerhard Haenzel is a notable figure primarily recognized for his contributions in the fields of psychology, psychiatry, or related disciplines. However, as of my last knowledge update in October 2021, there isn't widely available information about a specific individual named Gerhard Haenzel that stands out in popular or academic references. It's possible that he may have gained recognition in more recent developments or in niche academic circles.

Qualcomm Wi-Fi SON (Self-Organizing Network) refers to a set of technologies and capabilities developed by Qualcomm to enhance the performance and efficiency of Wi-Fi networks. Wi-Fi SON is designed to automate and optimize various aspects of Wi-Fi network management, making networks more intelligent and responsive to changing conditions.

A Qualified Electronic Signature (QES) is a type of electronic signature that is legally recognized and offers a high level of security and authenticity. It is defined under the European Union's eIDAS (Electronic Identification and Trust Services) Regulation, which came into effect on July 1, 2016.

German biophysicists are scientists from Germany who specialize in biophysics, a field that applies the principles and techniques of physics to understand biological systems. This interdisciplinary area of research explores a wide range of topics, including molecular biology, cell biology, and the physical properties of biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and membranes.

In 1957, the field of computing was still in its early stages of development, with many foundational concepts and technologies being explored. Some key highlights related to computers and computing during that time include: 1. **Transistor Technology**: The late 1950s saw the increasing use of transistors in computer design, replacing vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, more reliable, and consumed less power, paving the way for the development of more compact and efficient computers.

In 1969, several significant events and developments in the field of computers took place, marking that year as an important time in the history of computing. Here are some notable highlights: 1. **ARPANET:** One of the most revolutionary achievements of 1969 was the creation of ARPANET, the precursor to the modern internet. The first message was sent over ARPANET on October 29, 1969, from UCLA to the Stanford Research Institute.

In 1985, the landscape of computing was significantly different from today, characterized by the emergence of personal computers, the development of software applications, and the expansion of networks. Here are some key aspects of the computer-related introductions and developments in that year: 1. **Personal Computers**: The mid-1980s saw the ongoing proliferation of personal computers. Companies like IBM, Apple, and Commodore were prominent in this market.

"Discoveries" by Plinio Antolini is a work that explores themes related to exploration, knowledge, and the pursuit of understanding in various contexts. Plinio Antolini is known for combining philosophical insights with a personal narrative, often reflecting on the implications of discoveries in both scientific and humanistic fields. In "Discoveries," Antolini's writing may delve into how new knowledge shapes our understanding of the world, influences culture, and impacts individual lives.

In 2020, computer-related introductions spanned various topics and innovations in technology, reflecting advancements in hardware, software, and the overall field of computing. Here are some significant trends and developments from that year: 1. **Remote Work Technologies**: The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of remote work tools. Applications such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, and Slack became essential for virtual communication and collaboration.

Geroch's splitting theorem is a result in general relativity that provides conditions under which a spacetime can be decomposed into a product of a lower-dimensional manifold and a time-like line. Specifically, it concerns the structure of spacetimes that admit a particular kind of symmetry, known as "time-like Killing vectors.

Gert Sabidussi is a mathematician known for his work in graph theory, particularly for the concepts related to the properties of graphs and the study of connectedness and connectivity. One of his notable contributions to the field is the development of the concept of "Sabidussi graph," a particular type of graph that arises in various contexts, especially in relation to algebraic structures and combinatorial designs. His research has influenced both theoretical aspects and practical applications in network analysis and related domains.

Ciro Santilli has a hard time understanding why this is possible, e.g. many people use short 4 digit pins, or a short swipe pattern. Why can't this be cracked easily offline?

Can we do better than "wrong password implies random bytes"?

Can the last disk access times be checked via forensic methods?