The "Council Wars" refers to a period of intense conflict and political strife within the city government of Chicago during the late 1980s and early 1990s. This term specifically describes the clashes between then-Mayor Harold Washington and predominantly white members of the Chicago City Council, which was primarily composed of aldermen who were opposed to Washington's administration.

The Jiminy Conjecture is a mathematical hypothesis related to the field of number theory and combinatorics. It posits that for any integer \( n \), the number of ways to express \( n \) as a sum of distinct positive integers is a power of two.

The term "Hawking Excitation" does not directly relate to a widely recognized concept in physics or any other field as of my knowledge cutoff in October 2023. However, it may be a misunderstanding or a variation on "Hawking radiation," which refers to a theoretical prediction made by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1974. Hawking radiation describes how black holes can emit radiation due to quantum effects near the event horizon.

The "Theory of Visualization" generally refers to the study and application of visual representations of data, information, or concepts to enhance understanding, insight, and communication. It encompasses various disciplines, including psychology, cognitive science, design, and data science. Key components include: 1. **Cognitive Processing**: Understanding how humans perceive and process visual information is fundamental. This involves studying attention, memory, and the ability to recognize patterns.

Thermal comfort refers to a state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment, particularly in terms of temperature, humidity, and air movement. It is a crucial aspect of architecture, building design, and indoor environmental quality, as it significantly impacts occupants' well-being, productivity, and health. Thermal comfort is influenced by several factors, including: 1. **Air Temperature**: The temperature of the air surrounding the body, which affects how hot or cold a person feels.

In thermodynamics, "beta" typically refers to the inverse temperature parameter, denoted by \( \beta \). It is defined as: \[ \beta = \frac{1}{k_B T} \] where \( k_B \) is the Boltzmann constant and \( T \) is the absolute temperature measured in Kelvin. The concept of thermodynamic beta is particularly useful in statistical mechanics, where it plays a crucial role in relating thermodynamic quantities to statistical distributions.

Betting systems are strategies that bettors use to determine how much to wager, how to manage their bankroll, and how to approach their betting activities in various gambling scenarios, such as sports betting, casino games, and other forms of gambling. These systems are designed to help bettors maximize their winnings, minimize their losses, or both, although there's no guaranteed method for success in betting.

Bhuvana Ramabhadran does not appear to be a widely recognized term, figure, or concept up to my last training cutoff in October 2021. It is possible that it refers to a specific individual, academic work, cultural reference, or niche topic that may not be commonly known or documented.

Bijective numeration is a way of representing integers in a unique format that avoids the use of zero. In this system, every positive integer is mapped to a unique sequence of symbols, typically using a specific base \( b \), but instead of using the conventional digits \( 0, 1, 2, \ldots, b-1 \), it uses the digits \( 1, 2, \ldots, b \).

The Bilibino Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) is a nuclear power facility located in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia, near the town of Bilibino. It is significant for being one of the few nuclear power plants in the Russian Far East and is notable for its use of low-powered reactors. ### Key Features: 1. **Reactor Type**: The plant originally consisted of four BN-600 reactors, which are small, light-water reactors.

"What is Mathematics?" is a phrase that can be interpreted in a few ways depending on the context. It could refer to a philosophical inquiry into the nature of mathematics, a specific educational resource, or a broader exploration of the subject's significance and applications. Here are a few possible interpretations: 1. **Philosophical Inquiry**: This includes questions about the essence of mathematics, its foundations, and what it means to "know" or "do" mathematics.

"Binyamin Amirà" does not appear to be a widely recognized term, name, or phrase in my training data up until October 2023. It's possible that it could refer to a specific individual, a brand, or a concept that isn't well-documented or that has emerged recently.

The "Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers" is a comprehensive reference work that provides biographical entries on notable astronomers throughout history. It includes detailed information about their lives, contributions to the field of astronomy, discoveries, and the contexts in which they worked. Typically, it includes not only well-known figures but also lesser-known astronomers, giving a broad overview of the history of the discipline.

Andreu Mas-Colell is a prominent Spanish economist known for his contributions to economic theory, particularly in the fields of microeconomics, game theory, and auction theory. He has published extensively and is recognized for his work on the foundations of economic mechanisms and the mathematical underpinnings of economic models. In addition to his research contributions, Mas-Colell has held significant academic and administrative positions.

Bipolar electrochemistry is a technique in electrochemistry that involves the use of bipolar electrodes to facilitate electrochemical reactions. A bipolar electrode (BPE) is unique in that it has two distinct regions: one that is positively polarized (anodic) and another that is negatively polarized (cathodic).

The Bismuth Phosphate process is a method used in the field of hydrometallurgy for the extraction and purification of certain metals, particularly uranium and thorium. This process involves the precipitation of bismuth phosphate (BiPO₄) from a solution containing these metals. ### Key Steps of the Process: 1. **Solution Preparation**: The process begins with the preparation of an aqueous solution that contains the metal ions of interest, typically uranium or thorium.

A bisymmetric matrix is a square matrix that is symmetric with respect to both its main diagonal and its anti-diagonal (the diagonal from the top right to the bottom left).

The ADM formalism, or Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formalism, is a mathematical framework used in general relativity, particularly for the formulation of Einstein's field equations in the context of canonical gravity. It was developed by Richard Arnowitt, Stanley Deser, and Charles Misner in the 1960s.

Bjørn Gjevik is a Norwegian figure known for his work in the field of music, particularly as a pianist and composer. He may also be involved in various artistic or educational endeavors related to music.

Boring rule that says that less energetic atomic orbitals are filled first.

Much more interesting is actually determining that order, which the Madelung energy ordering rule is a reasonable approximation to.