A list of cosmologists typically includes scientists who study the origin, evolution, structure, and eventual fate of the universe. Here are some notable cosmologists throughout history and in contemporary research: ### Historical Figures - **Edwin Hubble** - Known for Hubble's Law and his contributions to the understanding of the expanding universe. - **Albert Einstein** - Developed the theory of general relativity, which laid the groundwork for modern cosmology.

Geodemographic segmentation is a marketing strategy that categorizes individuals or groups based on geographic and demographic characteristics. It combines two key aspects: 1. **Geographic Segmentation**: This involves analyzing the location of individuals or households, such as countries, regions, cities, neighborhoods, or even specific postal codes. It helps businesses understand regional preferences, local behaviors, and market dynamics.

A live birth in humans refers to the successful delivery of a baby who shows signs of life after birth, such as breathing, heartbeat, or voluntary muscle movement. This term is typically used in medical and demographic contexts to distinguish between live births and stillbirths, where the fetus has died in utero before or during delivery. Live births are an important measure in public health and statistics, as they indicate successful pregnancies and the health of mothers and infants.

Population refers to the total number of individuals of a particular species, group, or community living in a specific area at a given time. In a broader context, it's often used to describe human populations within defined geographical boundaries, such as countries, cities, or regions. Key aspects of population include: 1. **Size**: The total count of individuals in the specified area. 2. **Density**: This measures how many individuals live in a specific area (e.g.

The Ricker model is a mathematical model used in ecology to describe population dynamics, particularly for species with discrete breeding seasons. It was introduced by the Canadian ecologist William E. Ricker in the 1950s. The model is especially suited for populations that experience a rapid increase in numbers followed by a decline, which can happen due to factors like resource limitation or increased competition as the population grows.

A "shrinking city" refers to an urban area that is experiencing a significant decline in population and economic activity. This phenomenon typically arises due to various factors, including: 1. **Economic Decline**: Loss of industries or jobs that lead to unemployment and migration out of the city. Historical examples include cities that were once heavily reliant on manufacturing but faced downturns due to deindustrialization.

The Von Foerster equation, named after the physicist Heinz von Foerster, is a partial differential equation that describes the evolution of the density distribution of a population or the distribution of an attribute over time. It's particularly used in the context of population dynamics and can model how the density of individuals in a particular state changes over time due to various processes such as reproduction, aging, or external influences.

A capital asset refers to a significant piece of property or equipment that a business or individual owns and uses in their operations to generate income, rather than being held for resale in the normal course of business. Capital assets can encompass a wide range of items, including: 1. **Real Estate**: Land and buildings used for business operations. 2. **Machinery and Equipment**: Heavy equipment, computers, vehicles, and tools used in the production of goods and services.

A primeval number, also known as a "primeval", refers to a specific type of number that is the product of the first \( n \) prime numbers. The concept of primeval numbers is rooted in number theory. For example: - The first prime is \( 2 \). - The product of the first prime \( 2 \) alone is \( 2 \) (which is the first primeval number).

Debt levels and flows refer to different aspects of debt in an economy or within an entity, such as a country, corporation, or individual. Here's a breakdown of each concept: ### Debt Levels - **Definition**: Debt levels refer to the total amount of debt outstanding at a specific point in time. This can include all forms of debt — such as loans, bonds, mortgages, and credit — and is often evaluated as a total figure or relative to other economic indicators, such as GDP.

Financial literacy refers to the ability to understand and effectively use various financial skills and concepts. It encompasses a range of knowledge related to personal finance, including budgeting, saving, investing, using credit wisely, understanding loans and interest rates, managing debt, and planning for retirement. Financial literacy enables individuals to make informed decisions about their finances and understand the implications of those decisions. Key components of financial literacy include: 1. **Budgeting**: Knowing how to create and manage a budget to track income and expenses.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2021, I do not have the specific list of Chinese administrative divisions ranked by life expectancy. Life expectancy can vary significantly across different provinces and regions in China due to various factors including economic development, healthcare access, lifestyle, and environmental conditions. Generally, regions such as Beijing, Shanghai, and multiple eastern coastal provinces tend to have higher life expectancies compared to some western provinces that may face economic challenges.

As of my last knowledge update in October 2023, the list of U.S. counties with the shortest life expectancy can vary based on new studies, data compilations, and reports from health organizations or government agencies. Traditionally, counties in states like Kentucky, West Virginia, and Mississippi have been noted for lower life expectancy figures, often due to factors such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, lifestyle choices, and public health issues.

A comprehensive list of countries by past life expectancy typically includes historical data on the average lifespan of individuals in various countries over different periods. This data can be sourced from various organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank, and academic research.

The term "Alternative DNS root" refers to a system of Domain Name System (DNS) servers that operate outside of the traditional DNS root servers managed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA). ### Key Points about Alternative DNS Roots: 1. **Purpose**: Alternative DNS roots were developed as a response to concerns with the existing DNS infrastructure, such as censorship, control, and accessibility issues.

Type 3 encryption algorithms refer to a classification of encryption methods characterized by the National Security Agency (NSA) in their specifications for securing classified information. In particular, Type 3 encryption is defined in the context of the U.S. government's cryptographic standards and is used for protecting sensitive but unclassified information and some classified information.

The term "key schedule" typically refers to the process used in cryptographic algorithms, particularly symmetric encryption, to generate a series of round keys from a given secret key. This is an essential step in many block cipher algorithms, such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) and DES (Data Encryption Standard). ### Key Schedule Process 1. **Input Key**: The process starts with a single secret key, which may be of fixed length (e.g.

A **randomness extractor** is a mathematical construct used in the fields of computer science and information theory. Its primary purpose is to convert a source of weak randomness (which may be biased or insufficiently random) into a source of strong randomness (which is uniform and usable in cryptographic applications). Here are some key concepts regarding randomness extractors: 1. **Weak vs.

Cluster analysis is a type of unsupervised machine learning technique used to group a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group (or cluster) are more similar to each other than to those in other groups. This technique is widely used in various fields such as data mining, pattern recognition, image analysis, market segmentation, and social network analysis.

Teiresias is an algorithm used primarily for discovering patterns and motifs in biological sequences, such as DNA, RNA, or proteins. The algorithm is named after the blind prophet Teiresias from Greek mythology, who was known for his insights and predictions. The main focus of the Teiresias algorithm is to identify all substrings of a given sequence that meet certain criteria, typically related to their frequency or pattern structure.