An album-equivalent unit (AEU) is a measurement used in the music industry to quantify a combination of different ways that music is consumed. It provides a standardized way to gauge an album's performance across various formats and consumption methods. One album-equivalent unit is typically defined as: 1. **One album sale**: A full-length album purchased by a listener.

"Clinamen" is a Latin term that translates to "swerve" or "deviation." In philosophical and scientific contexts, it is often associated with the ideas of the ancient Roman philosopher Lucretius and his atomic theory, particularly in his poem "De Rerum Natura" (On the Nature of Things).

Epikoros, also spelled Epikores or Epikorus, typically refers to a concept within Jewish tradition, particularly in the context of Jewish law and philosophy. The term is often associated with a person who is deemed to have heretical views or who denies fundamental aspects of Jewish belief. In some Jewish texts, an Epikoros may be considered someone who rejects the authority of the Torah, the divine origins of Jewish law, or the significance of traditional practices.

A geodesic circle is a concept in differential geometry, particularly in the study of Riemannian manifolds. It refers to the set of points that are a fixed distance (radius) from a given point on the manifold, along the shortest path, or geodesics, which are the generalization of straight lines in curved spaces.

Geodesic convexity is a concept that arises in the context of Riemannian geometry and more generally in the study of metric spaces. A set is termed geodesically convex if, for any two points within the set, the shortest path (geodesic) connecting these two points lies entirely within the set.

Remote Sensing is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal that focuses on the field of remote sensing, which involves the acquisition of information about the Earth's surface without direct contact, typically through the use of satellites, aircraft, drones, and other sensor technologies.

Magnetic dip, also known as magnetic inclination, refers to the angle that the Earth's magnetic field lines make with the horizontal plane at a given location on the Earth's surface. This angle is measured in degrees, and it can indicate whether the magnetic field is pointing downward into the Earth (a positive dip) or upward out of the Earth (a negative dip). - **Positive Magnetic Dip**: When the magnetic field points downwards towards the Earth, the dip is considered positive.

The Regional Reference Frame Sub-Commission for Europe (EUREF) is an initiative that operates under the framework of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). It focuses on the establishment and maintenance of a precise and stable reference frame for Europe, which is crucial for various applications in geodesy, navigation, geophysical research, and mapping.

The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCGS) was a federal agency responsible for surveying and mapping the coasts of the United States, as well as conducting geodetic surveys to establish accurate geographic coordinates. Established in 1807, it played a crucial role in developing nautical charts, topographic maps, and geodetic data that were essential for navigation, commerce, and scientific research.

The International Association of Geodesy (IAG) is a scientific organization focused on the discipline of geodesy, which is the study of the Earth's shape, gravity field, and how they change over time.

The International Federation of Surveyors, known by its French acronym FIG (Fédération Internationale des Géomètres), is a non-governmental organization that represents the interests of surveyors and the surveying profession globally. Founded in 1878, FIG aims to promote the international study, practice, and standards of surveying and to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and best practices among professionals in the field.

The UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering is part of the University of New South Wales (UNSW) in Sydney, Australia. It focuses on education, research, and innovation in the fields of surveying, geospatial science, and engineering. The school offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs that cover a range of topics, including land surveying, geospatial data analysis, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), and engineering surveying.

A Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle (DOQ) is a digital aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected (orthorectified) to ensure that the scale of the photograph is uniform across the image. This means that the image accurately represents the Earth's surface, allowing it to be used as a map where distances and areas can be measured accurately.

Subgroup distortion refers to a phenomenon in which the characteristics, behaviors, or identities of individuals within a subgroup of a larger population are misrepresented or misunderstood, often due to stereotypes or biases. This can occur in various contexts, including social groups, organizational settings, and research.

PAGEOS (Photographic Astronomical Geodetic Earth Observation Satellite) is a satellite that was designed for applications in geodesy, which involves measuring and understanding Earth's geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. Launched in 1985, PAGEOS was equipped with a large photographic film plate to take images of the Earth, which were used for mapping and to support geodetic measurements.

Satellite geodesy is a branch of geodesy that utilizes satellite technology to measure and analyze the Earth's shape, gravitational field, and rotation, as well as to determine precise locations on the Earth's surface. This field combines techniques from various sciences, including physics, mathematics, and engineering, to improve our understanding of Earth's geometry and dynamics.

Paleomagnetism is the study of the Earth’s magnetic field as preserved in rocks, sediments, and archaeological materials. It involves the analysis of the magnetic properties of these materials to understand the history of the Earth's magnetic field, including its direction and intensity over geological time. When volcanic rocks form, or sediments are deposited, they can acquire a remnant magnetization that reflects the Earth's magnetic field at that moment in time.

Vertical datums are reference points or surfaces used to measure elevation or depth. They provide a basis for determining the vertical position of points on the Earth's surface and are crucial for a variety of applications, including topographic mapping, construction, navigation, and geophysical studies. There are two main types of vertical datums: 1. **Mean Sea Level (MSL)**: This is the most common vertical datum and represents the average level of the ocean surface over a long period of time.

Navigation satellites are a type of satellite specifically designed to provide positioning, navigation, and timing information to users on the ground, at sea, or in the air. These satellites form part of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that enable precise location determination and navigation support for various applications. Key features of navigation satellites include: 1. **Positioning**: They use signals transmitted from the satellites to determine the precise location of a receiver anywhere on Earth.

The United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories was an early scientific organization established in the mid-19th century, primarily tasked with surveying the western territories of the United States. It was established in 1867, and its primary objective was to explore and map the western regions of the country, particularly areas that had recently come under U.S. control due to the westward expansion and the conclusion of the Civil War.