A Climate Data Record (CDR) is a long-term, high-quality dataset that is specifically designed to provide reliable information on climate variables over time. CDRs are systematically collected and processed to ensure consistency, accuracy, and availability for assessing climate change and variability. Key characteristics of Climate Data Records include: 1. **Long-Term Perspective**: CDRs typically span multiple decades, enabling the analysis of climate trends and variability over significant periods.

EMWIN, or the Emergency Managers Weather Information Network, is a system developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to provide timely and critical weather information to emergency managers and other officials responsible for public safety. The primary purpose of EMWIN is to facilitate the dissemination of weather data, forecasts, and warnings to agencies and organizations that need to make informed decisions during severe weather events.

The Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS) is a program developed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States to provide pilots with critical information about hazardous weather conditions that may impact flight safety. It is particularly designed to deliver timely and relevant information to pilots flying in airspace where traditional weather reporting may not be as readily available.

A Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is a weather forecast specifically designed for the needs of aviation at an airport or aerodrome. It provides expected weather conditions within a specified timeframe, typically covering a 24 to 30-hour period, and is issued four times a day. The TAF includes information on various weather elements, such as: - Wind direction and speed - Visibility - Weather phenomena (like rain, snow, fog, etc.

The Palmer Drought Index (PDI) is a quantitative measure used to assess and monitor drought conditions. Developed by meteorologist Wayne Palmer in the 1960s, the index provides a standardized way to evaluate the severity of drought based on meteorological and hydrological factors. The PDI measures the balance between moisture supply (precipitation) and moisture demand (evapotranspiration) over time, allowing for an assessment of soil moisture levels.

The Sperry–Piltz Ice Accumulation Index (SPIAA) is a meteorological index created to measure the potential for ice accumulation on surfaces, particularly roads and other infrastructure, during winter weather events. It considers various meteorological factors such as temperature, precipitation, and wind conditions to provide a quantitative estimate of the likelihood and severity of ice accumulation. The SPIAA is valuable for weather forecasting and urban planning, as it helps authorities anticipate the impacts of freezing rain or similar weather phenomena.

Meteorological stations, often referred to as weather stations, are facilities or locations equipped to measure various atmospheric and environmental conditions. These stations collect data that can include a range of meteorological variables such as: 1. **Temperature**: Measured using thermometers, it indicates how hot or cold the atmosphere is. 2. **Humidity**: Measured using hygrometers, it reflects the amount of moisture in the air.

The Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) is a concept in networking that represents the amount of data that can be "in transit" in the network at any given time. It is calculated by multiplying the bandwidth of the network (usually measured in bits per second) by the round-trip time (RTT), which is the time it takes for a signal to travel from the sender to the receiver and back again (measured in seconds).

"Barometric light" is not a standard term widely recognized in scientific literature or common discussions about light or atmospheric phenomena. However, it could be interpreted in a couple of ways based on its components: 1. **Barometric Pressure and Light:** The term might refer to the effects of atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) on light behavior, such as the way light is refracted or scattered in the atmosphere under varying pressure conditions.

ISO 9060 is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) that specifies the classification of instruments used for measuring solar radiation, specifically solar irradiance. The standard provides definitions and related terminology to categorize solar radiation sensors based on their performance characteristics. ISO 9060 outlines different classes of solar radiation instruments: 1. **Secondary Standard**: High-accuracy instruments that meet stringent specifications for calibration and measurement.

The Long Lived In-situ Solar System Explorer (LLISSE) is a proposed spacecraft mission concept aimed at exploring the solar system, particularly focusing on planets and celestial bodies like Mars, Venus, and other locations within the inner solar system. The primary goal of LLISSE is to conduct long-duration, in-situ scientific investigations, which would involve long-term studies of the environments and conditions on these celestial bodies.

DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) is a NASA mission aimed at testing a method of planetary defense against potential asteroid threats. Launched on November 24, 2021, the DART spacecraft's primary objective was to demonstrate the kinetic impactor technique, where a spacecraft deliberately collides with an asteroid to change its trajectory. The mission targeted a binary asteroid system called Didymos, specifically its moonlet, Dimorphos.

Global Horizontal Sounding (GHS) is a remote sensing technique used primarily in the field of meteorology and atmospheric science. It involves the measurement of atmospheric properties at various altitudes using soundings—essentially vertical profiles of the atmosphere's temperature, humidity, pressure, and other characteristics. ### Key Components of Global Horizontal Sounding: 1. **Remote Sensing**: GHS typically utilizes remote sensing tools such as satellites or ground-based radar that can profile the atmosphere horizontally across large geographic areas.

A particle counter is an instrument used to measure the number and size of particles in a given volume of air or liquid. These devices play a vital role in various fields, including: 1. **Cleanroom Monitoring**: In industries such as pharmaceuticals, microelectronics, and biotechnology, where cleanliness is paramount, particle counters help ensure that the environment meets required cleanliness standards by detecting airborne or surface particles.

An indoor-outdoor thermometer is a device that measures and displays the temperature of both the indoor and outdoor environments. These thermometers typically consist of two main components: 1. **Indoor Sensor**: This part measures the temperature inside a building or home. It is usually placed in a location where it can provide an accurate reading of the indoor climate. 2. **Outdoor Sensor**: This component is designed to measure the temperature outside.

A thermo-hygrograph is an instrument used to measure and record temperature and humidity in the environment. It combines two sensors: one for temperature and another for relative humidity. The device typically provides a continuous record of these parameters over time, often through a paper chart that is printed or a digital display.

A heat dome is a meteorological phenomenon that occurs when a high-pressure system traps warm air in a region, often leading to prolonged periods of excessively high temperatures. This typically happens when a high-pressure area forms in the atmosphere, causing warm air to descend and compress, which leads to increased temperatures.

In meteorology, "snowboard" refers to a flat, horizontal surface that is used to measure the accumulation of snow. Snowboards are typically made of a material that minimizes absorption and allows for better measurement of snow depth. They are often positioned in standardized locations for consistency in measurements.

A present weather sensor is a device used in meteorology to measure and report current weather conditions. These sensors can detect a variety of meteorological phenomena, including: 1. **Precipitation**: The type (rain, snow, sleet, etc.) and intensity of precipitation. 2. **Visibility**: Determining horizontal visibility, which can be affected by fog, rain, snow, or other atmospheric conditions.

The SCR-658 was a type of military radar system developed and used by the United States during the mid-20th century, particularly around the 1950s and 1960s. It was primarily designed for ground-based air defense and utilized for tracking aircraft and other aerial targets. The SCR-658 radar operated in the microwave band and was known for its relatively compact design compared to earlier systems, making it suitable for mobile or semi-mobile applications.