The Wu–Sprung potential is a theoretical potential used in nuclear physics, particularly in the study of nuclear interactions and nuclear structure. It is part of a class of potentials that describe the interactions between nucleons (protons and neutrons) within an atomic nucleus.
Transversality is a concept in mathematics, particularly in differential topology and analysis, which describes a certain generic position of geometric objects such as manifolds, curves, or surfaces relative to each other. The idea helps generalize intersections and singularities of maps and manifolds. In a more formal sense, consider two manifolds (or submanifolds) \( M \) and \( N \) within a larger manifold \( P \).
In quantum field theory (QFT), common integrals often refer to the integrals that arise in the calculation of physical quantities, such as propagators, correlation functions, and scattering amplitudes. These integrals commonly include both momentum space and position space integrals. Here are some of the most important types of integrals encountered frequently: 1. **Fourier Transforms:** The transition between position space and momentum space is performed via Fourier transforms.
A holonomic basis is a concept in the field of differential geometry and the theory of differential equations, particularly in the study of differential forms and integrability. In a more specific context, a basis of a tangent space in a manifold is said to be holonomic if the basis vectors can be expressed in terms of a coordinate system. This means that the basis elements can be derived from the standard differential of the coordinates.
A Lyapunov vector is a mathematical concept used in the study of dynamical systems, particularly in the context of stability analysis and the behavior of differential equations. Lyapunov vectors are related to Lyapunov exponents, which measure the rate of separation of infinitesimally close trajectories of a dynamical system. When analyzing the stability of a fixed point or equilibrium of a dynamical system, Lyapunov exponents help quantify the growth or decay rates of perturbations around that point.
Transportation Science is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on the analysis, design, and optimization of transportation systems and their components. It encompasses various aspects of transportation, including infrastructure, vehicles, operations, logistics, and policy. The goal of Transportation Science is to improve the efficiency, safety, reliability, and sustainability of transportation systems while addressing issues like traffic congestion, environmental impacts, and public safety.
A tree automaton is a theoretical computing model used to recognize and manipulate tree structures, which are hierarchical data representations consisting of nodes connected by edges. Unlike string automata, which work with linear sequences of symbols, tree automata operate on trees, where each node can have multiple children, making them suitable for applications involving structured data such as XML documents, abstract syntax trees in programming languages, and more.
Artificial life (often abbreviated as alife) refers to a multidisciplinary field of study that explores the properties and behaviors of life through the use of computer models, robotic systems, and biochemical simulations. The goal is to understand the fundamental principles of life by creating systems that exhibit lifelike behaviors, replication, evolution, and adaptation, even if they do not share the biological basis of life.
Polyworld is a computer simulation environment developed to model and study evolutionary processes, particularly in entities resembling virtual organisms. Created by researcher Stephen L. Smith in the 1990s, Polyworld incorporates concepts from evolutionary biology, artificial life, and complex systems to simulate how simple agents can evolve and adapt over time. In Polyworld, each organism is represented as a virtual creature with a genotype that encodes its traits, which affect its behavior and survival.
A sphygmomanometer is a medical device used to measure blood pressure. It typically consists of an inflatable cuff that is wrapped around the arm, a measuring unit (manometer) that indicates the pressure, and a means to inflate the cuff, which can be either a hand pump or an automatic electronic mechanism.
A quintuple bond is a type of chemical bond involving the sharing of five pairs of electrons between two atoms. This means that there are five single bonds worth of electron pairs being shared. Quintuple bonds are relatively rare and most commonly observed in certain transition metal complexes, especially those involving heavier transition metals. In terms of examples, compounds like some metal carbides may exhibit quintuple bonds, such as in the case of the carbon-carbon bond found in certain metal systems.
Starch gelatinization is a process that involves the transformation of starch granules when they are heated in the presence of water. This process is critical in cooking and food preparation, as it affects the texture, viscosity, and digestibility of starch-containing foods. Here’s how the process works: 1. **Heating**: When starch granules are heated in water, they begin to absorb moisture and swell.
Nuclear interdisciplinary topics refer to areas of study that combine principles from various disciplines to understand and address issues related to nuclear science and technology. These topics often involve the intersection of fields such as physics, engineering, biology, environmental science, medicine, and policy, reflecting the complex and multifaceted nature of nuclear-related issues.
Amazing project, that basically makes a more searchable Wayback Machine.
A bit hard to use their data though, partly due to size, but also lack of free to use querrying mechanisms, and how obtuse Amazon S3 is to use.
Notably, aws-cli with an account is the only reliable way, everything else is way too broken, e.g. trying the to check the an index index.commoncrawl.org/CC-MAIN-2023-06/ very often 500s.
But still, their projct is amazing.
The only out-of-the-box search they seem to have is: urlsearch.commoncrawl.org/ for domains/URLs. It is good, but there could be so much more... notably IPs.
Sample sizes can be found at: commoncrawl.org/2023/04/mar-apr-2023-crawl-archive-now-available/
To explore the data, after login:
aws s3 ls s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/Copy the toplevel directory only:
aws s3 cp s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/ . --recursive --exclude "*/*"Copy some wet/wat files:
aws s3 cp s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wat/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wat.gz .
aws s3 sync s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wet/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wet.gz .Directory structrure:
- cc-index.paths.gz (1K)
- cc-index-table.paths.gz (1K)
- segment.paths.gz (1.7K) Sample lines:
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/ crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381630/ - index.html (2.3K)
- wat.paths.gz (98K) Sample lines:
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wat/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wat.gz crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wat/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wat.gz - wet.paths.gz (98K) Sample lines:
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wet/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wet.gz crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/wet/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wet.gz - warc.paths.gz (99K)
crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00001-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz - segments: directgory with actual data
- 1368696381249: one of many segments, any meaning of name?
- CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.wet.gz (142M, 334M unzipped)A tiny bit of metadata, and then plaintext content from the website, e.g. the second one:No IP unfortunately.
WARC/1.0 WARC-Type: conversion WARC-Target-URI: http://004eeb5.netsolhost.com/stephensilver.htm WARC-Date: 2013-05-18T08:11:02Z WARC-Record-ID: <urn:uuid:773b31ba-ddc6-47a5-ae24-d08141b9944d> WARC-Refers-To: <urn:uuid:4b1bdbff-4926-4ced-86f6-072f5bb3837a> WARC-Block-Digest: sha1:LQFSCR2LIJQYMPTXRHWU7HAPQTVSYS3A Content-Type: text/plain Content-Length: 12046 Stephen Silver is a journalist and editor who specializes in the areas of politics, pop culture, film and sports. He works as an editor with the North American Publishing Co. and as a film critic with The Trend, a local newspaper in the Philadelphia area. - A lot of JSON metadata and no contents as desired. Contains IP! Some entries however are humongous with a ton of useless data, that's what bloats these so much:Let's beautify one of them to see it better:
WARC/1.0 WARC-Type: metadata WARC-Target-URI: CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz WARC-Date: 2013-11-22T14:51:12Z WARC-Record-ID: <urn:uuid:ec54e493-8965-41be-b344-07596cc30b3a> WARC-Refers-To: <urn:uuid:cfeff436-7c4c-4119-aaa4-ec2ce27ad3e1> Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 1180 {"Envelope":{"Format":"WARC","WARC-Header-Length":"274","Block-Digest":"sha1:JCZOI4V3UOTXGIRLFMPLW4J2WPLAKGVR","Actual-Content-Length":"372","WARC-Header-Metadata":{"WARC-Type":"warcinfo","WARC-Filename":"CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz","WARC-Date":"2013-11-22T14:51:12Z","Content-Length":"372","WARC-Record-ID":"<urn:uuid:cfeff436-7c4c-4119-aaa4-ec2ce27ad3e1>","Content-Type":"application/warc-fields"},"Payload-Metadata":{"Trailing-Slop-Length":"0","Actual-Content-Type":"application/warc-fields","Actual-Content-Length":"372","Headers-Corrupt":true,"WARC-Info-Metadata":{"robots":"classic","software":"Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0","description":"Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Spring 2013","hostname":"ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal","format":"WARC File Format 1.0","isPartOf":"CC-MAIN-2013-20","operator":"CommonCrawl Admin","publisher":"CommonCrawl"}}},"Container":{"Compressed":true,"Gzip-Metadata":{"Footer-Length":"8","Deflate-Length":"453","Header-Length":"10","Inflated-CRC":"866052549","Inflated-Length":"650"},"Offset":"0","Filename":"CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}} WARC/1.0 WARC-Type: metadata WARC-Target-URI: http://%20jwashington@ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2012/How-AP-reported-in-all-formats-from-tornado-stricken-regions WARC-Date: 2013-05-18T05:48:54Z WARC-Record-ID: <urn:uuid:d519658f-7a63-46c1-849b-4cd92332ddb8> WARC-Refers-To: <urn:uuid:cefd363b-1fec-4590-8305-4c6fab2e095f> Content-Type: application/json Content-Length: 1501 {"Envelope":{"Format":"WARC","WARC-Header-Length":"433","Block-Digest":"sha1:B2B6JDSGWCUQIIUGV54SXEE25RX4SANS","Actual-Content-Length":"302","WARC-Header-Metadata":{"WARC-Type":"request","WARC-Date":"2013-05-18T05:48:54Z","WARC-Warcinfo-ID":"<urn:uuid:cfeff436-7c4c-4119-aaa4-ec2ce27ad3e1>","Content-Length":"302","WARC-Record-ID":"<urn:uuid:cefd363b-1fec-4590-8305-4c6fab2e095f>","WARC-Target-URI":"http://%20jwashington@ap.org/Content/Press-Release/2012/How-AP-reported-in-all-formats-from-tornado-stricken-regions","WARC-IP-Address":"165.1.125.44","Content-Type":"application/http; msgtype=request"},"Payload-Metadata":{"Trailing-Slop-Length":"4","HTTP-Request-Metadata":{"Headers":{"Accept-Language":"en-us,en-gb,en;q=0.7,*;q=0.3","Host":"ap.org","Accept-Encoding":"x-gzip, gzip, deflate","User-Agent":"CCBot/2.0","Accept":"text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8"},"Headers-Length":"300","Entity-Length":"0","Entity-Trailing-Slop-Bytes":"0","Request-Message":{"Method":"GET","Version":"HTTP/1.0","Path":"/Content/Press-Release/2012/How-AP-reported-in-all-formats-from-tornado-stricken-regions"},"Entity-Digest":"sha1:3I42H3S6NNFQ2MSVX7XZKYAYSCX5QBYJ"},"Actual-Content-Type":"application/http; msgtype=request"}},"Container":{"Compressed":true,"Gzip-Metadata":{"Footer-Length":"8","Deflate-Length":"455","Header-Length":"10","Inflated-CRC":"453539965","Inflated-Length":"739"},"Offset":"453","Filename":"CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}}Fuck no IP addresses either. But other entries do have it, why not this one?{ "Envelope": { "Format": "WARC", "WARC-Header-Length": "274", "Block-Digest": "sha1:JCZOI4V3UOTXGIRLFMPLW4J2WPLAKGVR", "Actual-Content-Length": "372", "WARC-Header-Metadata": { "WARC-Type": "warcinfo", "WARC-Filename": "CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "WARC-Date": "2013-11-22T14:51:12Z", "Content-Length": "372", "WARC-Record-ID": "<urn:uuid:cfeff436-7c4c-4119-aaa4-ec2ce27ad3e1>", "Content-Type": "application/warc-fields" }, "Payload-Metadata": { "Trailing-Slop-Length": "0", "Actual-Content-Type": "application/warc-fields", "Actual-Content-Length": "372", "Headers-Corrupt": true, "WARC-Info-Metadata": { "robots": "classic", "software": "Nutch 1.6 (CC)/CC WarcExport 1.0", "description": "Wide crawl of the web with URLs provided by Blekko for Spring 2013", "hostname": "ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal", "format": "WARC File Format 1.0", "isPartOf": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "operator": "CommonCrawl Admin", "publisher": "CommonCrawl" } } }, "Container": { "Compressed": true, "Gzip-Metadata": { "Footer-Length": "8", "Deflate-Length": "453", "Header-Length": "10", "Inflated-CRC": "866052549", "Inflated-Length": "650" }, "Offset": "0", "Filename": "CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz" } }The reason these can be huge is theHTML-Metadatasection which contain all outlinks! gist.github.com/Smerity/e750f0ef0ab9aa366558#file-bbc-pretty-wat-L34 CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz()Obtain:aws s3 cp s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz .
- 1368696381249: one of many segments, any meaning of name?
A literary topos (plural: topoi) refers to a conventional theme, motif, or rhetorical device used in literature. The term originates from the Greek word "topos," meaning "place," and in a literary context, it denotes a common or recurrent theme that can be found across various works and genres. Topoi can serve as familiar frameworks that authors utilize to convey ideas, evoke emotions, or engage readers.
A paraprosdokian is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence or phrase is unexpected or surprising in a way that creates a humorous or ironic effect. It often plays on the listener's anticipation and then subverts it, leading to an unexpected twist. This technique is commonly used in humor and comedic writing. For example: "I told my wife she was drawing her eyebrows too high. She looked surprised.
Sardonicism refers to a form of disdainful or mocking humor that expresses contempt or ridicule. It often involves a dry, cutting wit, where the speaker may use sarcasm or irony to convey their message. Sardonic remarks are typically tinged with cynicism, reflecting skepticism or a lack of faith in human nature or social norms. The tone is usually grim or harsh, and it can be used to critique social issues, behaviors, or ideologies.
Rhetorical shields refer to strategies or devices used in communication to protect oneself from criticism, dissent, or accountability. These can take the form of arguments, phrases, or tactics that are designed to deflect scrutiny or criticism, often by framing a discussion in a way that emphasizes emotional appeal, victimhood, or other tactical positions. For example, a speaker might use rhetorical shields by invoking their own experiences, appealing to authority, or employing vague language that avoids direct engagement with challenging questions.
Suasoria is a term derived from ancient Roman rhetoric, referring to a type of persuasive speech or discourse aimed at influencing an audience's opinion or decision, often through emotional appeal. It is generally associated with the idea of advising or persuading someone to take a specific action, typically conveying moral or ethical arguments. In a broader context, suasoria can be connected to various forms of argumentation and persuasion found in literature, public speaking, and even modern forms of communication.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 4. Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation.
Figure 5. Web editor. You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.Video 4. OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo. Source. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact