Optical fiber by Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Video 1.
The Story of Light by Bell Labs (2015)
Source. Gives some ideas of the history of fiber optics. Features: Herwig Kogelnik.
Video 3. . Source. 2008 at MIT. Theory and demonstration.
Morgan Ward refers to multiple subjects, so the context in which you encountered the term would determine its specific meaning. 1. **Morgan Ward as a Name**: It could refer to a person, such as an individual with that name who might be known in various professional fields like art, academia, or business. 2. **Morgan Ward in Geographic Context**: It might also refer to an area or district named Morgan Ward, which could be a division in a city, town, or municipality.
These are the key mathematical ideas to understand!!
There are actually a few formulations out there. By far the dominant one as of 2020 has been the Schrödinger picture, which contrasts notably with the Heisenberg picture.
Another well known one is the de Broglie-Bohm theory, which is deterministic, but non-local.
In various contexts, "L3cos" might not have a widely recognized meaning, so it could refer to different concepts based on the field or subject matter.
A smart host is a type of mail server that acts as an intermediary between a sending mail server and the final destination mail server. It is typically used in email systems to improve the efficiency and reliability of email delivery. Here are some key characteristics and functions of a smart host: 1. **Relay Functionality**: A smart host can relay emails from one domain to another. It handles outgoing emails from local users and forwards them to the recipient's email server.
An earthing system, also known as a grounding system in some regions, is a crucial safety feature in electrical systems. It involves connecting parts of an electrical installation or equipment to the ground (earth) to ensure safety for users and protect equipment from electrical hazards. ### Key Functions of an Earthing System: 1. **Safety**: It provides a path for fault currents to flow safely into the ground, which helps prevent electric shock to users and reduces the risk of fire.
Voltage clamp is an experimental technique used in electrophysiology to measure the ionic currents that flow through the membrane of a cell while maintaining a constant membrane potential (voltage). This method allows researchers to explore how different ions move through ion channels and how these currents change in response to various conditions, such as the presence of drugs or changes in ion concentration. **Key Features of Voltage Clamping:** 1.
An octahedral number is a figurate number that represents a three-dimensional shape called an octahedron, which has eight triangular faces. The \( n \)-th octahedral number can be calculated using the formula: \[ O_n = \frac{n(2n^2 + 1)}{3} \] where \( n \) is a positive integer.
"Discoveries" is a work by Hungarian author György Kulin, known for his contributions to science fiction and popular science literature. However, specific details about a work titled "Discoveries" may vary depending on the context. Kulin often explores themes related to science, technology, and human experience, and his writing typically combines imaginative storytelling with thoughtful reflections on scientific principles. Kulin's works often aim to make complex scientific concepts accessible to a broader audience while engaging readers in speculative scenarios.
A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle in two strokes of the piston, which corresponds to one crankshaft revolution. This design is distinct from a four-stroke engine, which requires four strokes of the piston (two revolutions of the crankshaft) to complete a full cycle. ### Key Characteristics: 1. **Operating Cycle**: - In a two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust processes occur simultaneously with the compression and power strokes.
A Knudsen pump is a type of vacuum pump that operates based on the principles of gas molecular flow and the Knudsen regime, which is characterized by a mean free path of gas molecules that is comparable to or larger than the dimensions of the pump's structure. This pump utilizes thermal gradients to move gas molecules from one location to another, enabling the creation of a vacuum or the reduction of gas pressure.
BESSY stands for "Berliner Elektronenspeicherring für Synchrotronstrahlung," which translates to "Berlin electron storage ring for synchrotron radiation." It is a synchrotron radiation facility located in Berlin, Germany, that produces intense beams of light across a wide range of wavelengths, from infrared to X-rays. BESSY is used for various scientific research applications, including materials science, biology, chemistry, and physics.
Dashlane is a password management and digital wallet application designed to help users securely store, manage, and generate passwords. It offers features such as: 1. **Password Manager**: Dashlane stores and encrypts your passwords, allowing you to access them easily while using strong, unique passwords for each of your accounts. 2. **Password Generator**: The app can create complex passwords that enhance security, which users can save directly into their vault.
Oshawa Seamount is an underwater volcanic feature located in the North Pacific Ocean, specifically situated south of the Queen Charlotte Islands in British Columbia, Canada. It is part of a group of seamounts that includes a series of submerged mountains formed by volcanic activity. Seamounts are generally characterized by their steep sides and a summit that is significantly elevated from the surrounding ocean floor.
Modeling and simulation in materials science and engineering refer to the use of computational techniques and mathematical models to predict and analyze the behavior of materials under various conditions. This approach plays a crucial role in understanding material properties, behaviors, and the underlying physical mechanisms governing them. Here's a breakdown of these concepts: ### Modeling 1. **Definition**: Modeling involves creating mathematical or computational frameworks that represent the physical processes occurring in materials. These models can range from simple equations to complex numerical algorithms.
A keygen, short for "key generator," is a type of software used to generate product keys or license keys for software applications. These keys are often required for activating legitimate software or games, allowing users to access full features and functionalities. Keygens are typically associated with software piracy, as they can be used to bypass the legal purchase process of software. Using keygens is illegal and unethical, as they infringe on copyright laws and the rights of software developers.
Vasile M. Popov is a noted Romanian mathematician, recognized for his contributions to various fields within mathematics, particularly in the areas of mathematical analysis and functional analysis. He has published numerous research papers and is involved in academic circles, often contributing to the advancement of mathematical theories and methodologies. If you have a specific context in mind regarding Vasile M. Popov—such as his works, achievements, or a particular area of study—please provide more details!
As of my last update in October 2023, Levicar is a medication that contains the active ingredient venlafaxine. It is primarily used to treat major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Levicar typically works by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain that help improve mood and anxiety.
"Discoveries" by Ian P. Griffin is a book that explores various scientific and technological advancements, as well as the nature of discovery itself. While specific details about the book may vary, it typically covers topics related to innovation, the scientific method, and the impact of discoveries on society and the environment. Griffin, as an author, often emphasizes the importance of curiosity and the role of scientists in pushing the boundaries of knowledge.
Tire Science and Technology is a specialized field that encompasses the study, design, and manufacturing of tires for various types of vehicles, including cars, trucks, aircraft, and off-road vehicles. This discipline integrates principles from materials science, mechanical engineering, and physics to understand tire performance, safety, wear, and sustainability.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 2.
    You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either https://OurBigBook.com or as a static website
    .
    Figure 3.
    Visual Studio Code extension installation
    .
    Figure 4.
    Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation
    .
    Figure 5.
    Web editor
    . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
    Video 4.
    OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo
    . Source.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact