Mario Livio is an astrophysicist and author known for his work in the fields of astrophysics and cosmic phenomena. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of supernovae, the Hubble Space Telescope, and other areas of astrophysical research. In addition to his scientific work, Livio is also recognized for his ability to communicate complex scientific concepts to the general public through his popular science books.

John Allen Paulos is a mathematician, author, and professor known for his work in the field of mathematics and its intersection with everyday life, philosophy, and psychology. He is particularly noted for his ability to communicate complex mathematical concepts in an accessible manner to a general audience.

Mary L. Boas is an American physicist and educator best known for her textbook "Mathematical Methods in the Physical Sciences." The book is widely used in undergraduate and graduate courses for students in physics, engineering, and related fields, providing a comprehensive introduction to the mathematical techniques and methods necessary for solving problems in physical sciences. Her work emphasizes practical applications of mathematics in physics and aims to bridge the gap between mathematical theory and physical application. Mary L.

The "Book of Optics," also known as "Kitāb al-Manāzir" in Arabic, is a pivotal work in the history of optics and vision, authored by the renowned Arab scientist and philosopher Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the Latin tradition) in the 11th century. The work is considered one of the foundational texts in the field of optics and laid important groundwork for later developments in both physics and visual science.

In Russia, the term "block of Wikipedia" likely refers to the country's government actions to restrict access to Wikipedia and its content, particularly in response to specific entries that the authorities consider to be in violation of Russian laws or regulations. The Russian government has been known to impose restrictions on various online platforms, including Wikipedia, especially concerning topics related to politics, history, and certain sensitive subjects.

The year 1906 is not typically associated with the development of computers as we know them today. However, it is an important date in the history of computing, primarily because of the invention of the vacuum tube and related advancements in electrical engineering. In 1906, Lee De Forest invented the Audion, which was the first triode vacuum tube. This invention was crucial for the development of electronic circuits and laid the groundwork for future innovations in radio, television, and eventually computers.

Bomis was an internet company founded in 1996 by Jimbo Wales and Angela Beesley. It initially functioned as a web portal and search engine, but it is best known for being the founding organization behind Wikipedia. Bomis was also involved in the creation of other collaborative projects and contributed to the free content movement. The company's focus on open content and knowledge sharing laid the groundwork for the later success of Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.

In 1933, the field of computing was still in its infancy, with significant developments primarily in mathematics, electrical engineering, and early mechanical computing devices. While there were no computers as we understand them today, several important milestones are noteworthy in this context: 1. **Analytical Engine Concept**: Although Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine in the 1830s, the ideas surrounding it were still influential in the 1930s.

In 1983, the world of computing was experiencing significant developments that would lay the groundwork for modern technology. Here are a few key aspects that characterized computer-related introductions and advancements during that year: 1. **Operating Systems and Software**: - The introduction of popular operating systems such as MS-DOS 2.0, which was crucial for IBM PCs. MS-DOS played a pivotal role in defining how users interacted with personal computers.

In 1986, several significant developments in the field of computers and technology marked the era. Here are a few noteworthy introductions and advancements from that year: 1. **IBM PC Convertible**: IBM released the PC Convertible, a laptop that marked IBM's first move into portable computing. It was notable for its small size and relatively lightweight design compared to traditional desktop computers.

In 1998, the field of computer technology was experiencing significant changes and advancements. Here are some key developments and trends in computer-related introductions during that year: 1. **Windows 98**: One of the major highlights was the release of Microsoft Windows 98 on June 25, 1998. This operating system introduced several new features over its predecessor, Windows 95, including improved hardware support, better performance, and the introduction of the Windows Update feature.

In 2004, several significant developments and trends in computer technology and related fields emerged. Here are some key introductions and milestones from that year: 1. **Windows XP SP2**: Microsoft released Service Pack 2 for Windows XP, which included important security enhancements, a built-in firewall, and various performance improvements. 2. **Firefox**: Mozilla Firefox gained popularity as an alternative web browser, with version 1.0 being released in November 2004.

OggConvert is a software tool primarily used for converting audio and video files into the Ogg format, which is an open and free container format created by the Xiph.Org Foundation. It supports various codecs, such as Vorbis for audio and Theora for video. OggConvert typically allows users to convert media files from formats like MP3, MP4, AVI, and more into the Ogg format, making it easier to use files across different platforms and devices that support Ogg.

Computer-related introductions in 2022 encompass a wide range of topics and technologies that reflect the ongoing evolution of computing. Here are some key areas that characterize computer-related developments in that year: 1. **Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning**: AI continued to advance, with more applications being integrated into everyday software. Developments in natural language processing (NLP), deep learning, and neural networks enabled more sophisticated AI systems, making tools like GPT-3 and its successors widely accessible.

Citizendium is a free online encyclopedia that aims to improve upon the model of collaborative writing and editing established by Wikipedia. Founded in 2006 by Larry Sanger, a co-founder of Wikipedia, Citizendium differentiates itself by emphasizing the contribution of expert authors and requiring contributors to use their real names.

The term "video games by year" can refer to a variety of topics, including the release dates of influential games, trends in the gaming industry, or the evolution of gaming technology. Here's a broad overview of significant developments and notable video game releases by decade: ### 1970s - **1972**: "Pong" by Atari, one of the first arcade video games. - **1977**: Introduction of the Atari 2600, one of the first home consoles.

Japan has a rich history of technology and innovation, which includes several computer companies that have become defunct over the years. Some notable defunct Japanese computer companies include: 1. **NEC Corporation** - While still operational, certain divisions that produced specific computers and products have been phased out or sold. NEC was a major player in the personal computer market in the 1980s and 1990s.

Defunct software companies are organizations that were once active in the development, distribution, or sale of software products but have ceased operations. This can occur for various reasons, such as bankruptcy, acquisition, diminishing market relevance, or various other business challenges. When a software company becomes defunct, it typically means that: 1. **No New Products**: The company has stopped creating or releasing new software products or updates for existing ones.

"Wikipedia @ 20" refers to the celebration of the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia, which was launched on January 15, 2001. Wikipedia has grown remarkably since its inception, becoming one of the most widely used reference websites globally. The 20th anniversary marked a time to reflect on Wikipedia's impact on information sharing, knowledge accessibility, community collaboration, and the evolution of digital content.

"The Wikipedia Revolution" is a term that generally refers to the significant changes brought about by the rise of Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia that allows users to collaboratively create and edit content. The phrase is also associated with the book titled "The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia" authored by Andrew Lih, published in 2009. In the book, Lih explores the history, principles, and impact of Wikipedia since its inception in 2001.