An action potential is a rapid, significant change in the electrical membrane potential of a neuron or muscle cell, which occurs when the cell is activated by a stimulus. It is a fundamental mechanism for transmitting signals in the nervous system and is crucial for muscle contraction.

The U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation, formally known as the U.S.-UAE Agreement for Cooperation on the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy, is a bilateral agreement between the United States and the United Arab Emirates that was signed in 2009. This agreement facilitates cooperation in the development and utilization of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, primarily focusing on civilian applications.

In the context of algebraic topology and homological algebra, a split exact sequence is a particular type of exact sequence that has a certain "nice" property: it can be decomposed into simpler components. An exact sequence of groups (or modules) is a sequence of homomorphisms between them such that the image of one homomorphism equals the kernel of the next.

The Algebra Project is an educational program founded by mathematician Robert P. Moses in the late 1980s. Its primary goal is to improve mathematics education for underrepresented and disadvantaged students, particularly in urban areas. The program aims to transform the way algebra is taught and learned, with an emphasis on making the subject accessible and relevant to students' lives.

Vertical resistance refers to the resistance that is encountered when an electric field is applied in a direction that is perpendicular (or vertical) to the surface of a material. This term is often used in the context of various types of materials, particularly in the fields of electronics, materials science, and geotechnical engineering. In the context of electrical engineering, vertical resistance can be significant in measuring the performance and behavior of semiconductor devices, capacitors, and other components when subjected to an electric field.

In graph theory, a **cycle basis** of a graph is a minimal set of cycles such that any cycle in the graph can be expressed as a combination of these cycles. Specifically, for a connected graph, a cycle basis serves as a framework for the cycles of the graph. ### Key Points: 1. **Cycles**: A cycle in a graph is a path that starts and ends at the same vertex, with no other vertices repeated.

The 113th meridian west is a line of longitude that is 113 degrees west of the Prime Meridian. It runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through various regions in North America, particularly the United States and Canada. In the U.S., the 113th meridian west passes through states such as Montana, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado.

The number 197 is an integer that comes after 196 and before 198. It is an odd number and has several interesting properties: 1. **Prime Number**: 197 is a prime number, meaning it is greater than 1 and has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself. 2. **Numerical Properties**: It is a three-digit number written as 197 in decimal notation.

Orpheus is a figure from ancient Greek mythology, renowned for his extraordinary musical talent. He is often depicted as a poet and musician whose enchanting music could charm animals, plants, and even inanimate objects. Orpheus is most famously associated with the myth of his journey to the Underworld to retrieve his beloved wife, Eurydice.

Antonia Soulez is known as a French mathematician who specializes in areas such as differential equations, analysis, and mathematical modeling. She has contributed to the field through research and publications.

Al-Qalqashandi, whose full name is **Abu al-ʿAbbas Ahmad ibn Ali al-Qalqashandi**, was an influential Arab historian and polymath who lived during the late 14th and early 15th centuries (circa 1355 – 1418).

Auditory illusions are perceptual phenomena where sound is perceived in a way that differs from the actual physical properties of the sound waves. Much like visual illusions, which trick the brain into seeing something other than reality, auditory illusions can cause listeners to hear sounds that aren't there, misinterpret sounds, or perceive sound in unexpected ways.

Area is a measure of the amount of space contained within a two-dimensional shape or surface. It is typically expressed in square units, such as square meters (m²), square centimeters (cm²), square feet (ft²), and so on. The area can be calculated for various geometric shapes using specific formulas. Here are some common formulas for calculating the area of different shapes: 1. **Rectangle**: Area = length × width (A = l × w) 2.

Atropos is a scheduling library typically associated with functional programming languages, most notably Haskell. It provides a way to manage the execution of tasks based on time, allowing for the scheduling of actions to be performed at specific intervals or at specific times. Atropos enables developers to create applications that require predictable timing and can manage the execution of functions and tasks asynchronously.

Auguste Comte (1798–1857) was a French philosopher best known as the founder of positivism and sociology. He is recognized for his efforts to apply the scientific method to the social world, advocating for a systematic study of society that would lead to social progress. Comte's work emphasized the importance of observation and empirical evidence as the basis for knowledge, rejecting metaphysics and theological explanations.

A Generalized First-Price Auction (GFPA) is a type of auction mechanism in which multiple items or a single item can be sold to one or more bidders, and the key feature of this auction format is that the highest bidder(s) pays the amount of their bid in order to win. In this auction system, all bidders submit their sealed bids without knowing the bids of other participants, and then the bids are revealed at the end of the auction.

A bathymetric chart is a type of map that shows the underwater topography of ocean floors, lakes, rivers, and other bodies of water. Similar to how a topographic map illustrates the elevation and contours of land, a bathymetric chart displays the depth and features of submerged terrain. Key features of bathymetric charts include: 1. **Depth Contours**: These lines connect points of equal depth, allowing users to visualize the underwater shapes and features.

Otto Schilling is not a widely recognized term or name associated with a well-known figure, concept, or brand as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It is possible that you are referring to a specific individual, a fictional character, a brand, or perhaps a term that has gained significance more recently.