81 mm artillery typically refers to a type of medium mortar that fires 81 mm caliber shells. This caliber is commonly used by various armed forces around the world for infantry support and indirect fire support. Mortars like the 81 mm can be towed or mounted on vehicles and are designed to fire shells at relatively high angles, allowing them to hit targets that are not directly in line of sight. The 81 mm mortar is favored for its balance of range, accuracy, and portability.

Cauchy's equation, also known as Cauchy's functional equation, is a fundamental equation in functional analysis and is typically expressed as: \[ f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) \] for all real (or complex) numbers \( x \) and \( y \), where \( f \) is a function. This equation represents a specific type of additive function.

A microlens is a small optical lens typically with a diameter on the order of micrometers or millimeters. Microlenses are used to manipulate light in various ways and are commonly employed in a range of applications, including: 1. **Imaging systems**: Microlenses can enhance image formation in cameras and other optical devices by improving light collection and focusing.

Electrospray is a technique used to produce a fine mist of charged droplets from a liquid. This process is commonly utilized in various fields, including mass spectrometry, pharmaceutical delivery, and nanomaterials synthesis. The basic principle of electrospray involves applying a high voltage to a liquid, which leads to the formation of a Taylor cone at the tip of a capillary or nozzle.

Critical Plane Analysis (CPA) is a technique used primarily in the field of fatigue analysis and material mechanics. It is a method that helps to identify the most critical planes in a material where fatigue damage is likely to initiate and propagate. The motivation behind CPA is to understand how different loading conditions and material properties affect the initiation of cracks and fatigue failure in components subjected to cyclic loading.

In mineralogy, "fracture" refers to the manner in which a mineral breaks when it is not broken along its cleavage planes. Unlike cleavage, which is the tendency of a mineral to break along specific planes of weakness, fracture describes the random or irregular patterns in which a mineral can break.

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a phenomenon that occurs when certain metals become brittle upon exposure to specific liquid metals at elevated temperatures. This embrittlement primarily affects alloys, leading to a significant reduction in ductility and toughness, which can result in catastrophic failure under stress. LME most commonly involves the interaction of liquid metals such as zinc, lead, or mercury with materials like aluminum, steel, or alloys of these metals.

Structural fracture mechanics is a field of engineering and materials science that focuses on the behavior of cracked or potentially cracked structures under various loading conditions. It combines principles from mechanics, materials science, and structural engineering to understand how flaws or defects, such as cracks, can influence the integrity and performance of structures. Key components of structural fracture mechanics include: 1. **Crack Propagation**: Analyzing how cracks grow under different stresses and loading conditions.

Crevice corrosion is a localized form of corrosion that occurs in the stagnant microenvironments created in crevices or tight spaces. It is typically found in areas where two materials are in contact, such as under gaskets, washers, or any part where there is a gap that can trap corrosive agents, such as water or ionic solutions. The primary mechanism behind crevice corrosion involves the differential concentration of ions within the crevice compared to the external environment.

Lumped Damage Mechanics (LDM) is a theoretical framework used primarily in the field of materials science and engineering to model the behavior of materials under loading conditions, particularly in relation to damage accumulation and failure. The fundamental concept of LDM is to simplify the treatment of damage in materials by considering it as a "lumped" parameter rather than a distribution throughout the material.

The National Centre for the Evaluation of Photoprotection (NCEPP) is likely to be an organization or center dedicated to research, evaluation, and promotion of photoprotection, which involves methods and products aimed at protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This may include the assessment of sunscreen efficacy, skin cancer prevention strategies, and public awareness initiatives regarding skin health and sun safety.

JOM, short for "Journal of Occupational Medicine," is a peer-reviewed academic journal that focuses on the field of occupational health and medicine. It publishes research articles, reviews, and case studies that address various aspects of health and safety in the workplace, covering topics such as occupational diseases, workplace ergonomics, environmental health issues, and health policies related to occupational settings. The journal aims to disseminate knowledge and promote research that enhances the understanding of how work environments affect health and well-being.

IEEE Magnetics Letters is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It focuses on the field of magnetics, covering topics such as magnetic materials, magnetization processes, magnetic phenomena, and applications of magnetism in technology. The journal provides a platform for researchers to publish their findings, share advancements, and discuss new ideas related to magnetics.

A cupping tester is a specialized instrument used primarily in the field of textiles, specifically for assessing the dyeing properties and colorfastness of fabrics. This technique is particularly common in the textile and fashion industries to evaluate how a fabric reacts to specific dye processes. The cupping tester operates by using small sample cups into which the fabric samples are placed. The dye solution is then applied to the fabric under controlled conditions.

The **Journal of Materials Science** is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research articles, reviews, and technical notes covering all aspects of materials science.

The Journal of Polymer Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research articles, reviews, and technical notes in the field of polymer science. This journal covers a wide range of topics related to the chemistry, physics, and engineering of polymers, including their synthesis, characterization, processing, and application. The journal typically features studies on various aspects of polymer materials, such as their mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, as well as their environmental impact and sustainability.

"Metamaterials" is an academic journal that focuses on materials engineered to have properties not found in naturally occurring materials. These materials are typically designed to manipulate electromagnetic waves in novel ways, leading to applications in various fields such as optics, telecommunications, and materials science. The journal publishes research articles, reviews, and technical notes covering various aspects of metamaterials, including their theoretical foundations, fabrication techniques, characterization methods, and practical applications.

Biaxial tensile testing is a mechanical testing method used to evaluate the material properties of a sample subjected to tensile stress in two perpendicular directions simultaneously. Unlike uniaxial tensile testing, where the force is applied in a single direction, biaxial testing is designed to simulate real-world conditions where materials might experience multi-directional stresses.

The Chinese Ceramic Society (CCS) is a professional organization focused on the advancement of ceramic science and technology in China. Established in 1981, the CCS aims to promote research, development, and education in the field of ceramics, including materials science, engineering, and applications in various industries. The society serves as a platform for researchers, professionals, and industry practitioners to share knowledge, collaborate on projects, and advance the understanding of ceramics.

Hardness tests are methods used to measure the hardness of a material, which is its resistance to deformation, indentation, or scratching. Hardness is a crucial property in materials science and engineering, as it often correlates with other properties such as strength, wear resistance, and stability. There are several types of hardness tests, each suited for different materials and applications.