The Wolf Prize in Mathematics is an international award presented annually by the Wolf Foundation in Israel. It was established in 1978 and is one of the most prestigious awards in the field of mathematics, alongside the Fields Medal and the Clay Millennium Prizes. The prize recognizes outstanding achievements in mathematics and is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to the field.

Kingston upon Hull, a city in East Yorkshire, England, has been home to various notable mathematicians and scholars throughout its history. Some key figures related to mathematics or related fields from Hull include: 1. **William B. B. Ewing (1882–1964)** - A mathematician known for contributions in the field of topology. 2. **David R. Wilkins** - An academic known for work in the field of mathematical education.

Mathematical ecologists are researchers who apply mathematical models and techniques to understand ecological systems and phenomena. They work at the intersection of ecology, mathematics, and often computer science, using quantitative methods to analyze and predict the interactions between organisms and their environments. Here are some key aspects of what mathematical ecologists do: 1. **Modeling Populations**: They develop mathematical models to describe the dynamics of populations—how population sizes change over time due to births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

Mathematical statisticians are professionals who specialize in the field of statistics and are primarily focused on the mathematical theories and methodologies behind statistical analysis. Their work often involves developing new statistical methods, designing experiments, and analyzing data using mathematical frameworks. Key responsibilities and areas of focus for mathematical statisticians include: 1. **Theory Development**: They create new statistical theories and models to improve existing methodologies. This includes work on probability distributions, hypothesis testing, estimation techniques, and more.

Ballistics experts are forensic professionals who specialize in the study of the mechanics of projectiles and firearms. Their work involves analyzing the behavior of bullets, firearms, and related evidence to help understand incidents involving shooting, such as homicides, suicides, or accidental discharges. Key functions of ballistics experts include: 1. **Firearm Identification**: Matching bullets and cartridge cases to specific firearms using unique markings left by the weapon during firing.

Coding theory is an area of study in computer science and mathematics that focuses on the design and analysis of error-correcting codes and the representation of data. Coding theorists are researchers or practitioners who work in this field, exploring various aspects of coding, including: 1. **Error Detection and Correction**: Developing codes that allow for the detection and correction of errors in data transmission or storage. This is essential for reliable communication systems, such as those used in telecommunications, data storage, and computer networks.

Computer scientists are professionals who study, design, develop, and apply computational systems and methodologies to solve complex problems. They work in various areas, including algorithms, programming languages, software engineering, artificial intelligence, data structures, computer networks, cybersecurity, and more. Computer scientists typically engage in the following activities: 1. **Research**: Conducting theoretical and applied research to advance the field of computer science and develop new technologies.

In the context of quantum computing of the 2020's, a "classical computer" is a computer that is not "quantum", i.e., the then dominating CMOS computers.

Queueing theorists are researchers and practitioners who study queueing theory, which is a mathematical discipline that deals with the analysis of queues (i.e., waiting lines). This field is essential in various domains, especially in operations research, telecommunications, traffic engineering, and service systems. Queueing theory involves the study of several key components: 1. **Arrival Process**: How entities (customers, data packets, etc.) arrive at the service facility. This can be modeled using probability distributions (e.

"Statisticians by field" refers to the different areas or domains in which statisticians apply their skills and expertise. Statisticians work in a variety of industries and sectors, each with its own specific needs and applications for statistical analysis.

Pythagoreanism is a philosophical and religious doctrine founded by the ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BCE) and his followers, known as the Pythagoreans. This school of thought is notable for its contributions to mathematics, philosophy, and spirituality.

The American Mathematical Society (AMS) offers several awards to recognize outstanding contributions to mathematics, including research excellence, teaching, and service to the mathematical community. Some of the notable awards given by the AMS include: 1. **Steel Prize**: Awarded for outstanding research in mathematics. 2. **Bôcher Memorial Prize**: Recognizes distinguished research in analysis. 3. **Cole Prizes**: Given for notable research in algebra and number theory.

The University of Cambridge has a long-standing tradition of recognizing excellence in mathematics through various awards and prizes. Here are some notable ones: 1. **Smith's Prize**: Established in 1820, this prize is awarded annually to the best candidates in the Mathematical Tripos, which is the examination taken by undergraduate students in mathematics. 2. **Cambridge Mathematical Society Prizes**: These are awarded for outstanding performance in the Mathematical Tripos and other mathematics-related competitions or achievements.

Inca mathematics refers to the numerical and logistical systems used by the Inca Empire, which thrived in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. The Incas did not have a written form of mathematics like many other civilizations; instead, they employed a sophisticated system based on the quipu, a device made of colored strings and knots that served as a means of record-keeping and information management.

Indian mathematics refers to the mathematical traditions and contributions that have developed in the Indian subcontinent over thousands of years. It encompasses a wide range of topics, including arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and astronomy.