A soliton is a self-reinforcing wave packet that maintains its shape while traveling at a constant speed. It is a special type of wave solution to certain nonlinear partial differential equations, characterized by its stability and ability to conserve its form over time and distance. Solitons are most commonly studied in the context of fluid dynamics, nonlinear optics, and various fields of physics and mathematics.

A TI-polaron, or topological insulator polaron, refers to a quasi-particle that arises in the context of topological insulators (TIs). Topological insulators are materials that behave as insulators in their bulk but have conducting states on their surfaces or edges due to their unique electronic properties determined by time-reversal symmetry and spin-momentum locking.

"Quaternary Africa" generally refers to the geological time period known as the Quaternary, which began around 2.6 million years ago and lasts to the present. This period is characterized by significant climatic changes, the development of modern ecosystems, and the evolution and migration of humans.

"Quaternary Asia" typically refers to the Quaternary period concerning the continent of Asia, which is the most recent geological time period spanning from about 2.6 million years ago to the present day. The Quaternary period is characterized by significant climatic changes, the development of modern ecosystems, and the appearance and evolution of human beings. During the Quaternary, Asia saw major changes in its environment and biodiversity due to glaciation and climate fluctuations.

Quaternary Oceania refers to the geological and climatic developments in the region of Oceania during the Quaternary period, which spans the last 2.6 million years to the present. This period is characterized by significant climatic changes, including glacial and interglacial cycles, which have had a profound impact on sea levels, ecosystems, and human populations in the region. **Key aspects of Quaternary Oceania include:** 1.

Quaternary geology is the study of the most recent geological time period, known as the Quaternary period, which spans from about 2.58 million years ago to the present. This period is characterized by significant climatic changes, including the development of glaciers during the ice ages and the subsequent warming periods. The Quaternary period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene and the Holocene.

In formal language theory, the **quotient** of a language refers to the operation that effectively "divides" the language by a specific set of strings, often based on a specific string or a set of strings. The quotient can be defined in relation to a formal language over a specific alphabet and can be seen as a way to examine the relationships between strings in the context of that language.

The abscopal effect refers to a phenomenon where localized treatment of a tumor (such as radiation therapy) leads to regression of metastatic tumors that are not directly targeted by the treatment. This effect is often observed in the context of cancer therapy, particularly when combining local treatments with systemic therapies like immunotherapy. The underlying mechanism of the abscopal effect is thought to involve the activation of the immune system.

An Indium-111 WBC (white blood cell) scan is a type of nuclear medicine imaging test used to detect infections, inflammation, and certain types of tumors. This imaging technique utilizes a radioactive isotope, Indium-111, which is attached to white blood cells. Here's how the process generally works: 1. **White Blood Cell Preparation**: A sample of the patient's own white blood cells is collected, typically from their blood.

A collision cascade refers to a series of reactions or events initiated by a single collision, which leads to a chain reaction. This term is often used in various fields, including physics, nuclear science, and computer graphics. Here are a few contexts in which the term is commonly applied: 1. **Nuclear Reactions:** In nuclear physics, a collision cascade describes the sequence of nuclear reactions that occur when a high-energy particle (like a neutron) collides with a nucleus.

Megavoltage X-rays refer to high-energy X-ray radiation typically used in radiation therapy for treating cancer. The term "megavoltage" generally indicates that the energy of the X-rays is measured in megavolts (MV), which corresponds to energies greater than 1 million electron volts. In clinical practice, megavoltage X-rays are produced using linear accelerators (LINACs).

The Haber–Weiss reaction is a chemical reaction involving the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydroxyl radicals (·OH), from hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the presence of transition metal ions such as iron (Fe) or copper (Cu). This reaction highlights the interplay between reactive species in biological systems and is significant in the context of oxidative stress and damage to biological molecules.

In mathematics, the term "quotient" refers to the result of dividing one number by another. When you divide a dividend (the number being divided) by a divisor (the number you are dividing by), the outcome is called the quotient. For example, in the division \( 20 \div 4 = 5 \), the quotient is 5, because 20 divided by 4 equals 5.

"Radiation exposure" can refer to multiple concepts, depending on the context. Here are some potential meanings: 1. **Health and Medicine**: Radiation exposure often refers to the amount of ionizing radiation that an individual receives, which can have health implications. This includes exposure from medical imaging (like X-rays and CT scans), environmental sources (such as radon gas), and occupational exposure in fields like nuclear energy or medicine.

The Yarkovsky effect is a phenomenon that affects the orbits of small celestial bodies, such as asteroids and meteoroids, due to the way they absorb and re-radiate solar energy. When a small body rotates and absorbs sunlight, it heats up during the day. As it rotates, it re-emits that heat as thermal radiation. However, this re-radiation is not uniform; it depends on the body's surface temperature and its orientation relative to the Sun.

Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) refers to the damage that occurs to lung tissue as a result of exposure to radiation, typically from therapeutic radiation used in the treatment of cancers located in or near the thoracic region, such as lung cancer, breast cancer, and esophageal cancer. RILI can occur as a result of radiation therapy delivering high doses of radiation to the lungs, leading to inflammation and injury. **Types of RILI:** 1.

Spektrum RC is a brand that specializes in remote control (RC) technology and products, particularly for hobbies like model airplanes, helicopters, drones, and cars. Founded in the early 2000s, Spektrum is known for its development of 2.4 GHz DSM (Digital Spectrum Modulation) technology, which allows for reliable, interference-free control of RC models.

Multiplex Modellsport is a company based in Germany that specializes in the production and sale of model airplanes, drones, and related accessories. The company is known for its high-quality products, including electric and glider models, as well as parts and equipment for various types of model aircraft. Multiplex has a reputation for innovation in the RC (radio-controlled) modeling hobby, offering a range of products suitable for both beginners and experienced hobbyists.

Radio-controlled (RC) cars have developed a distinct subculture, and enthusiasts often exhibit various "personalities" based on their interests, preferences, and styles within the hobby. Here are some common RC car personalities you might encounter: 1. **The Racer**: This enthusiast focuses on speed and competitive racing. They often participate in organized races, invest in high-performance upgrades, and are meticulous about tuning their cars for optimal performance.

Thunder Tiger is a company known for its production of hobby-grade remote control (RC) vehicles and related products. Founded in the 1970s and based in Taiwan, Thunder Tiger specializes in a variety of RC products, including helicopters, airplanes, cars, trucks, and boats, as well as parts and accessories for these vehicles. The company is recognized for its commitment to quality and innovation in the RC hobby industry, offering a range of products that cater to both beginners and experienced enthusiasts.