Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) was a prominent Swedish chemist who is often regarded as one of the founders of modern chemistry. He made significant contributions to the field, including the development of a system of chemical notation that is still in use today, which helped to standardize the way chemical compounds and reactions were represented. Berzelius is also known for his work in analytical chemistry and for discovering several chemical elements, including silicon, selenium, and thorium.

Karl Gegenbaur (1826–1903) was a prominent German zoologist and paleontologist known for his work in evolutionary biology and comparative anatomy. He is often regarded as a founding figure in the field of evolutionary morphology, which studies the relationship between the structure of organisms and their evolutionary history. Gegenbaur made significant contributions to the understanding of the vertebrate skeleton and the classification of various animal groups.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to the fields of science and medicine. He is best known for his discoveries related to the germ theory of disease, which established that many diseases are caused by microorganisms.

Norman Pirie (1913-1997) was a notable British biochemist and virologist, best known for his pioneering research in the fields of plant viruses and molecular biology. He made significant contributions to the understanding of viral structures and the nature of genetic material. Pirie’s work helped to clarify the role of nucleic acids in the replication of viruses and advanced the study of virology, particularly in relation to plant pathogens.

As of my last update in October 2023, Paul Fildes is an artist known for his work in watercolor painting, particularly in the realms of marine and landscape art. His style often captures the essence of natural scenes, demonstrating a keen eye for detail and an understanding of light and water.

Function approximation refers to the process of representing a complex function with a simpler or more manageable function, often using a mathematical model. This concept is widely used in various fields such as statistics, machine learning, numerical analysis, and control theory. The goal of function approximation is to find an approximate representation of a target function based on available data or in scenarios where an exact representation is infeasible.

Robert Seppings is known for his contributions to maritime engineering, particularly in the design of ship hulls. He is often associated with the invention of the "Seppings' hull," which was designed to improve the stability and efficiency of ships. His work in the early 19th century emphasized the importance of hull shape and structural integrity in shipbuilding.

Roderick Murchison (1792–1871) was a prominent Scottish geologist and one of the key figures in the early development of geological science in the 19th century. He is best known for his work on the geology of Europe, particularly for his studies of the geology of Scotland and his identification of the Silurian system of rocks, which he named after the Silures, an ancient Celtic tribe in what is now Wales.

Simon Newcomb (1835–1909) was a prominent American mathematician, astronomer, and professor, known for his significant contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and statistical analysis. He played a key role in the development of astronomical tables and various methods of astronomical calculations. Newcomb is best known for his work on celestial mechanics and his formulation of the Newcomb's formula for determining the positions of celestial bodies.

Smithson Tennant is a name associated with the discovery of the element osmium and the investigation of the elements platinum and iridium. Smithson Tennant (1761–1815) was a British chemist and a notable figure in the study of noble metals. He is best known for his work in isolating and identifying these elements, which are characterized by their resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Tennant played a crucial role in the understanding of the properties and applications of these metals.

Theobald Smith (1859–1934) was an influential American microbiologist known for his pioneering work in bacteriology and epidemiology. His contributions to the field included important research on the causes of diseases such as typhoid fever, and he is often recognized for his discovery of the causative agent of the disease known as "Texas cattle fever." Smith played a crucial role in advancements in vaccination and the understanding of infectious diseases. He also worked extensively with the U.S.

Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945) was an American evolutionary biologist and geneticist who made significant contributions to the field of genetics. He is best known for his work on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which he used as a model organism to study inheritance and gene mapping. Morgan and his colleagues, including his students who became known as the "Morgan group," discovered the chromosomal basis of heredity, demonstrating that genes are located on chromosomes.

William Buckland (1784–1856) was a prominent English geologist and paleontologist known for his early contributions to the study of fossils and the understanding of geology. He is often credited with being one of the first to describe dinosaurs scientifically. Notably, he described the first scientifically valid dinosaur, Megalosaurus, in the early 19th century. Buckland held several important positions throughout his career, including being the first Professor of Geology at the University of Oxford.

Mathematical induction is a fundamental proof technique used in mathematics to establish that a statement or proposition is true for all natural numbers (or a certain subset of them). It is particularly useful for proving statements that have a sequential or recursive nature.

Recurrence relations are equations that define sequences of values based on previous values in the sequence. In other words, a recurrence relation expresses the \( n \)-th term of a sequence as a function of one or more of its preceding terms. They are commonly used in mathematics and computer science to model various problems, particularly in the analysis of algorithms, combinatorics, and numerical methods.

Anonymous recursion, often referred to as "self-reference" or "self-calling" in programming, describes a scenario in which a function is defined in a way that it can call itself without being explicitly named. This is commonly achieved through the use of anonymous functions (lambdas) or other constructs that allow functions to refer to themselves without using a direct reference by name.

Robust regression refers to a set of statistical techniques designed to provide reliable parameter estimates in the presence of outliers or violations of traditional assumptions of regression analysis. Unlike ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, which can be significantly influenced by extreme values in the dataset, robust regression aims to produce more reliable estimates by minimizing the influence of these outliers.

A **primitive recursive function** is a type of function defined using a limited set of basic functions and a specific set of operations. Primitive recursive functions are important in mathematical logic and computability theory, as they represent a class of functions that can be computed effectively. The core concepts regarding primitive recursive functions include: 1. **Basic Functions**: The basic primitive recursive functions include: - **Zero Function**: \( Z(n) = 0 \) for all \( n \).

The folded cube graph is a type of mathematical graph that can be derived from the hypercube graph, particularly useful in the field of combinatorial design and graph theory. The concept is particularly involved in the analysis of topology, network design, and parallel processing. ### Definition: The \(n\)-dimensional folded cube graph, denoted \(FQ_n\), is constructed from the \(n\)-dimensional hypercube \(Q_n\).

Computable isomorphism, in the context of mathematical logic and computability theory, refers to a specific type of isomorphism between two structures (usually algebraic structures like groups, rings, etc.) that can be effectively computed by a Turing machine.