BusyBox Updated 2025-07-16
God, it's impossible! You just have to convert the entire fucking call stack all the way up to async functions. It could mean refactoring hundreds of functions.
To be fair, there is a logic to this, if you put yourself within the crappiness of the JavaScript threading model. And Python is not that much better with its Global Interpreter Lock.
The problem is that async was introduced relatively late, previously we just had to use infinitely deep callback trees, which was worse:
myAsync().then(ret => myAsync2(ret).then(ret2 => myAsync3(re3)))
compared to the new infinitely more readable:
ret = await myAsync()
ret2 = await myAsync2(ret)
ret3 = await myAsync3(ret3)
But now we are in an endless period of transition between both worlds.
It is also worth mentioning that callbacks are still inescapable if you really want to fan out into a non-linear dependency graph, usually with Promise.all:
await Promise.all([
  myAsync(1).then(ret => myAsync2(ret)),
  myAsync(2).then(ret => myAsync2(ret)),
])
And then, after many many hours of this work, you might notice that the new code is way, way way slower than before, because making small functions async has a large performance impact: madelinemiller.dev/blog/javascript-promise-overhead/. Real world case with a 4x slowdown: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook/tree/async-slow.
Anyways, since you Googled here, you might as well learn the standard pattern to convert callbacks functions into async functions using a promise: stackoverflow.com/questions/4708787/get-password-from-input-using-node-js/71868483#71868483
Figure 1.
async function Teletubbies meme
. Source. TODO find original source.
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Page contains a good summary of their hardware to date. They seem to still be the centerpiece of silicon development. There are still however people outside of Israel doing it, e.g.: www.linkedin.com/in/laurasharpless/ says as of 2021:
My team develops software for our next-generation Machine Learning accelerators: HAL, firmware, and SoC models.
2021: networking chip reports emerge: www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2021/3/30/22358633/amazon-reportedly-custom-network-switch-silicon-aws, presumably contesting with the likes of Cisco?
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Like everything else in programming, the only way to really understand this is to play with minimal examples.
What makes this a "hard" subject is that the minimal example is large because you need to make your own small OS.

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