Can be used to detect single photons.
Richard Feynman likes them, he describes the tube at Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Lecture at University of Auckland (1979) at one point.
It uses the photoelectric effect multiple times to produce a chain reaction. In particular, as mentioned at youtu.be/5V8VCFkAd0A?t=74 from Video 1. "Using a Photomultiplier to Detect single photons by Huygens Optics" this means that the device has a lowest sensitive light frequency, beyond which photons don't have enough energy to eject any electrons.
Current Wikipedia seems to say that this refers specifically to cells taking up DNA from other dead cells as in the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment, excluding other types of horizontal gene transfer like bacterial conjugation
The term is sometimes just used a synonym for horizontal gene transfer in general it seems however.
One is reminded of Nick Leeson.
The IBM 1401 compiles and runs Fortran II by CuriousMarc (2018)
Source. Largest gene, polyprotein that contains SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins 1 to 11.
Models of computation course of the University of Oxford Updated 2025-03-28 +Created 1970-01-01
2023: Jonathan Barrett
Parsa's Age of Empires II Cartoons (2021)
Source. The cutest fan art ever!This section discusses the pre-photon understanding of the polarization of light. For the photon one see: photon polarization.
polarization.com/history/history.html is a good page.
People were a bit confused when experiments started to show that light might be polarized. How could a wave that propages through a 3D homgenous material like luminiferous aether have polarization?? Light would presumably be understood to be analogous to a sound wave in 3D medium, which cannot have polarization. This was before Maxwell's equations, in the early 19th century, so there was no way to know.
The link will break, and the answer will lose. Or the person who summarizes inline will get more upvotes because people are lazy to click the link. Also, web archiving exists.
This is especially idiotic when it is a link to another post in Stack Overflow itself.
There are unlisted articles, also show them or only show them.