A thread or similar material tied around a structure, commonly to secure a vessel or tissue pedicle. Mechanical occlusion can control local flow, distinguishing the device from a medicine that changes coagulation throughout the blood circulation.

Removal of the gallbladder using laparoscopic access. It changes the organ responsible for bile storage while leaving the liver as the source of bile production.

A penetrating instrument and associated tube used historically to enter and drain a cavity. Its historical use does not establish safety for modern ovarian-mass management.

Measures intended to prevent contamination by microorganisms. It differs from antisepsis, which acts against microorganisms on living tissue, and from assuming that visibly clean material is sterile.

Surgical removal of breast tissue. The extent of removal and associated procedures vary; the word alone does not specify every tissue included or the reason for the operation.

Withdrawal of fluid from the peritoneum with a needle or catheter, for diagnosis or relief of ascites.

A pointed instrument used with a surrounding cannula to enter a fluid-containing cavity.

A hollow tube introduced into the body; a historical tapping instrument leaves it in place after the trocar is withdrawn.

A tube placed into the body to deliver material, drain contents or obtain measurements. The catheter’s location and function matter: a urinary drainage tube and an intravascular tube create different pathways.

Measures directed against microorganisms on living tissue, distinct from merely covering a wound or deodorising a discharge.

Removal of devitalized or contaminated tissue from a wound. Its purpose is to alter the local tissue environment, rather than merely to cover the surface.

The cisterna magna is an enlarged subarachnoid space near the inferior cerebellum and dorsal medulla. It contains cerebrospinal fluid and connects with surrounding subarachnoid pathways. Its location distinguishes it from the ventricular cavities inside the brain.

A historical liquid medicinal preparation containing strychnine. The named preparation’s concentration and associated ingredients depend on the pharmacopoeial edition, so its name alone does not establish an administered dose.^[ref]

Satisfying a load instruction from an older pending store instruction rather than stale backing computer memory. The youngest applicable older write supplies each requested byte; unresolved or partial overlaps require additional handling.

An age-ordered structure tracking store instructions, their memory addresses and data, and their eligibility to become visible. An implementation may distinguish a speculative store queue from the committed store buffer.

The mass corresponding to one specified reaction equivalent. The value depends on the chemical reaction; older equivalent formulas must be interpreted together with the adopted atomic weights.

A self-renewing stem cell with capacity to give rise to multiple blood-cell lineages.

For resting-cell recruitment $g(u)=bu/(1+u^n)$, a positive constant equilibrium exists precisely when $\mu b>1$, with $u_{\ast }=(\mu b-1{)}^{1/n}$. On slow time $T=ϵt$, expand the delayed value as $u(T-ϵ)=u-ϵu_T+O({ϵ}^2)$. Substitution gives $(1+g^{\prime }(u))u_T=\mu g(u)-u$ to leading order. This reduction requires smooth slow motion and $1+g^{\prime }(u)$ bounded away from zero.

On the original fast time, only the explicit order-$ϵ$ terms are dropped, leaving $u^{\prime }=g(u(t-1))-g(u(t))$. The unit delay remains order one and cannot be Taylor-expanded on that scale. For the biological two-compartment derivation, a fixed cell-cycle time $\tau$ and proliferating death hazard ${\gamma }_d$ give survival $e^{-{\gamma }_d\tau }$ and daughter-cell gain twice the surviving exit rate. Scaling gives $b={\beta }_0\tau$, $ϵ=\delta \tau$ and $1+ϵ\mu =2e^{-{\gamma }_d\tau }$. Thus small resting-cell loss over one cycle creates the slow-fast structure.

Historical refining of molten carbon-rich iron in a reverberatory furnace by oxidation and stirring, commonly producing wrought iron.

Historical production of blister steel by prolonged heating of wrought iron with carbonaceous material, allowing carburization of the bars.