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Historical mechanical crushing of a bladder stone with an instrument introduced through the urethra. It must not be equated with later external shock-wave treatment.
A urinary stone located in the urinary bladder. Its consequences depend on size, mobility and effects on emptying or surrounding tissue, rather than composition alone.[ref]
Injury to the urethra. It can disrupt urinary flow or later produce scarring, connecting an acute mechanical injury with delayed urethral stricture.
Cystitis is inflammation of the urinary bladder. Infection is one possible cause, but the anatomical term does not imply that every case has the same mechanism. It is distinct from infection of the kidney, as in pyelonephritis.
The detrusor muscle is the smooth muscle of the urinary bladder wall. Its relaxation permits storage, while coordinated contraction contributes to emptying. Effective voiding also depends on outlet coordination, so contraction strength alone does not determine the whole urinary flow pattern.
Bladder trabeculation is a ridged appearance of the inner bladder wall associated with prominent muscle bundles and intervening recesses. It can reflect chronic remodeling under altered loading. The appearance is a structural observation rather than a complete diagnosis of the cause of urinary dysfunction.
The urachus is the developmental connection between the bladder region and the umbilicus associated with the allantois. It normally becomes an obliterated remnant, the median umbilical ligament. Persistence of a lumen can produce several different anatomical communications or cystic remnants.
A cylindrical structure formed within renal tubules from a proteinaceous matrix. Embedded cells and other contents can supply evidence about intrarenal processes, connecting microscopic shape with the compartment of origin.[ref]
Urinary Casts by Merck Manual. Cast types
The concentration of urinary albumin divided by urinary creatinine concentration. The ratio partly adjusts for urine dilution, helping compare protein loss without assuming every sample has the same water content.[ref]
Presence of red blood cells in urine. It may be visible or detectable only on testing; the source can lie in different parts of the urinary tract, requiring localization beyond the word itself.
A crystalline particle in urine. Its presence can depend on concentration, acidity, temperature and storage and does not alone establish a urinary stone.
A reagent-bearing strip used for selected chemical tests of urine. Its assay selectivity and reading conditions differ from those of historical wet-chemical tests.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact