Historical pharmaceutical preparation; its composition and clinical use must be identified by edition. ^[ref]

A deterministic single-tape Turing machine that leaves every scanned symbol unchanged and moves one cell right after every nonhalting transition. Such machines decide exactly the regular languages. A deterministic finite automaton simulates the finite control, with accepting states determined by the blank-only continuation after the input; conversely, a machine simulating a deterministic finite automaton halts on the first blank.

A Turing machine with one read-write tape. Every multitape Turing machine can be simulated by a single-tape Turing machine, using delimited tape portions and marked head positions. The simulation preserves the accepted formal language and whether a computation halts, while possibly increasing time complexity.

A Turing machine with a fixed finite number of tapes and a head for each tape. One transition reads the scanned symbols, updates them and moves the heads. This model accepts the same computably enumerable languages as a single-tape Turing machine, but step counts can differ.

A finite string describing a Turing machine's states, alphabets, transition rules and designated initial and halting states. Standard encodings have a decidable language of valid descriptions. A syntactic property of an encoding need not be an extensional property of programs; for example, adding an unreachable state changes state count without changing the accepted formal language.

A designated tape alphabet symbol occupying unused cells of a Turing machine. It is excluded from the input alphabet, so a finite input word occupies a finite region of an otherwise blank tape.

A nineteenth-century descriptive category of recurrent fibrous or fibroplastic growths, some showing destructive behaviour or metastasis. It is not equivalent to a benign uterine fibroid.

An abnormal tissue growth involving the brain or adjacent intracranial structures. Location can produce serious effects even when a lesion does not metastasize, connecting confined anatomy with clinical consequences.

A benign tumour with fibrous connective-tissue differentiation. The term identifies a pathological category rather than every firm or scar-like mass.

A benign tumour composed of mature adipose tissue. It differs from a malignant adipose-tissue tumor, although a mass’s identity cannot be established from softness alone.

A tumour arising in the testis. Germ-cell and other cellular origins produce different categories, so location alone does not determine histology or malignant potential.

A benign smooth muscle tumour; a uterine fibroid is the familiar uterine form.

Use backtracking through a dictionary trie, decrementing and restoring the available count for each traversed letter. Visit each letter-labelled child once when its count is positive, rather than choosing between indistinguishable occurrences. Every reachable complete word is then produced once, including words using only a subcollection of the original letter multiset.

Identification of arsenic in a sample. Historical methods such as the Marsh test and Reinsch test separated or deposited arsenic-containing material, but interference and sample contamination required confirmation rather than identification by appearance alone.

Quantitative analytical chemistry using the measured volume of a standard solution and a known reaction proportion.

Determination of a solution's effective concentration by reaction with a suitable reference material or another independently established standard.

A form of fungal scalp infection classically associated with cup-shaped crusts called scutula. Follicular damage can lead to scarring, connecting the surface lesion with permanent loss of hair.

A pattern of fungal invasion with fungal elements within a hair shaft. It contrasts with ectothrix and provides a morphological clue to the infection’s organization.

A pattern of fungal invasion in which fungal elements surround the outside of a hair shaft. It describes the position of the organisms rather than identifying a unique fungal species.

Formation of a thrombus in a vein. Obstruction impairs venous return and can cause local swelling, while detached material can reach the pulmonary circulation.