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With temperature-independent microstate enthalpies and measure, differentiating the normalized weight gives . Since , the displayed response follows. A stable finite-system equilibrium distribution therefore has nonnegative heat capacity at constant pressure in this setting.
A cold linear plate profile has excess column mass relative to hot mantle. Equal hydrostatic pressure below the plates is restored by replacing part of the rock column with water. The displayed elevation follows to first order in thermal expansion; its denominator is the rock-minus-water density difference, not the rock density alone.
An ideal orientation average . Random orientation averages a traceless single-grain growth tensor to zero, while crystallographic texture can retain a directional bulk strain. crystal grain constraints can modify this simple independent-grain estimate.
An irradiation creep mechanism in which applied stress makes differently oriented dislocations or dislocation loops absorb point defects at different rates. The resulting directional strain is distinct from stress-free void swelling.
Enhancement of a stress-driven creep mechanism by irradiation-maintained point-defect populations, for example accelerated diffusion or dislocation climb. It need not have the creep rate of an unirradiated specimen.
Stress-directed deformation generated by irradiation-defect processes that can operate where ordinary creep is small. The terminology overlaps with irradiation creep in the literature; the mechanism and reference condition should be stated.
A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a pentameric cation-selective channel gated by acetylcholine. Extracellular binding interfaces communicate with a pore lined by M2 helices; transmitter recognition and ion selectivity are different properties.
Oppositely charged ions remaining in direct contact without an intervening complete solvent shell. Their relative positions can bias substitution stereochemistry even when bond cleavage precedes nucleophile attack.
A polymeric ion exchanger with fixed charged sites and mobile counterions. Exhausted resin is a secondary waste; ion exchange is not an unrestricted removal method for neutral dissolved molecules.
A selectivity filter is a channel-pore region that preferentially stabilizes permeating ions through geometry and chemical interactions. Selectivity balances dehydration and coordination energies rather than following pore diameter alone.
A ligand-gated ion channel couples ligand occupancy to the probability of pore opening. The ligand-binding site and ion pathway can be distinct, and sustained occupancy can lead to a desensitized nonconducting state.
Channel desensitization is entry into a less responsive or nonconducting state during sustained stimulation. A ligand-bound channel can therefore be closed without the ligand having dissociated.
A slow anion channel important for guard-cell anion efflux. Regulatory phosphorylation links ABA-responsive and calcium-dependent kinases to channel activation.
A guard-cell outward-rectifying potassium channel. Membrane depolarization favors potassium efflux through this channel during stomatal closure.
Seismic source inversion estimates source location, origin time and source strength or mechanism from seismograms. A symmetric seismic moment tensor has six independent entries. At fixed location and origin time, its predicted seismograms are linear in those entries, allowing variable projection to reduce the nonlinear search.
Seismic tomography infers a spatial model of elastic-wave propagation from many source-receiver observations. Uneven illumination, finite wavelength, parameter tradeoffs and regularization limit its resolution. A seismic-velocity image is not directly an image of temperature or flow velocity.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact