Transporter associated with antigen processing, supplying peptides to the endoplasmic reticulum for MHC-class-I loading. Peptide-pulsing experiments can bypass this transport step.

A component of the MHC-class-I peptide-loading machinery. It helps connect peptide supply and selection to stable class-I display.

Dependence of a T-cell response on both a recognized peptide and a compatible presenting MHC molecule. Infected matched and mismatched targets distinguish it from recognition of viral infection alone.

Presentation of externally acquired antigen on MHC class I. Dendritic cells can thereby prime antiviral CD8 responses without themselves being productively infected.

An antigen associated with malignant cells that can also be expressed in normal tissues. Association with a tumour is not proof of tumour-specific expression.

An antigen arising from a tumour-associated alteration, potentially providing selective immune recognition. Mutation detection alone does not demonstrate processing, presentation or immunogenicity.

A complementarity-determining region is a variable-region segment contributing to an antibody binding site. Transfer of these regions can transfer specificity, but framework residues also influence conformation and affinity.

Affinity maturation improves antigen-binding performance through sequence variation and selection. In engineered antibodies it must be assessed alongside specificity, folding, aggregation and the effects of multivalent avidity.

For a reciprocal antenna with matched polarization and load, the available antenna effective area is proportional to the directional antenna gain. For a lossless antenna, a thermal equilibrium argument fixes the constant: one polarization of Rayleigh-Jeans law radiance gives incident power $(k_{B}T/{\lambda }^2)\int A_{\mathrm{eff}}d\Omega d\nu$, and matched thermal electrical noise gives $k_{B}Td\nu$. Thus $\int A_{\mathrm{eff}}d\Omega ={\lambda }^2$. Since $\int Gd\Omega =4\pi$, the displayed relation follows. Reciprocal losses multiply both area and gain by the same efficiency.

The sensory channel through which a signal acts, such as acoustic, visual, chemical, mechanical or electrical stimulation.

Communication using more than one sensory modality. Components can supply redundant information, different information or context-dependent detection benefits.

A relation between a signal and a property relevant to its receiver. Honesty can follow aligned interests, physical constraints or differential costs and benefits; high production cost alone does not establish it.

A member of the chordate lineage that includes jawless and jawed vertebrates. Features of the head, neural crest and internal skeleton vary across its descendant groups.

A group of New World Primates used in comparative studies of embryonic development; conclusions from a particular species or experiment should not be assigned to all Primates.

A nematode species used to investigate early cell lineages and germline regulation, including inherited PIE-1 activity.

A tunicate genus used in comparative chordate developmental biology. Experiments on one lineage do not establish all vertebrate neural-crest properties throughout the genus.

A member of the animal group including vertebrates, tunicates and cephalochordates, with a notochord as part of the characteristic developmental body plan.

Active sensing in which an animal uses emitted sounds and their returning echoes to obtain information about its surroundings.

A member of the animal lineage characterized ancestrally by bilateral organization, including chordates and many other groups. bilaterian affinity does not imply vertebrate affinity.