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A fixed electrically small loop of area A with peak sinusoidal current has magnetic moment . The magnetic dipole radiation law gives mean power . Defining it as yields . This equivalent resistance accounts for radiation, not heating in the conductor. Rotating the loop changes its vector moment and cannot in general be modelled by the same scalar current alone.
A feature that absorbs mobile point defects, such as a free surface, grain boundary, dislocation or cavity. Capture efficiency and relative preference for defect types are as important as visible size or number.
A population-balance description of defects and clusters during irradiation. Production, recombination, diffusion to sinks, emission and changes in cluster size are represented by coupled rate equations. Parameter and population choices determine which regimes the model can describe.
An increase in resistance to plastic flow caused by irradiation-produced obstacles to dislocation glide, including loops, clusters and precipitates. Increased strength can coexist with reduced ductility.
Macroscopic volume increase caused by a population of growing cavities in a material. Stable nucleation, defect supersaturation and competition among sinks determine its onset and evolution.
Loss of long-range crystalline order through irradiation damage. radiation-induced amorphization does not itself demonstrate loss of chemical containment or a specified radionuclide release rate.
Loss of mechanical integrity associated with retained helium, including the growth and coalescence of gas-containing cavities at grain boundaries. Gas location, trapping, temperature, stress and the initial microstructure influence the result. It can occur in austenitic steel without the ferritic ductile-to-brittle transition.[ref]
High-temperature Embrittlement of Stainless Steel irradiated in Fast Fluxes by A. S. Fraser and others. Abstract: helium production and boundary-bubble interpretation of high-temperature ductility loss
A reduction in resistance to plastic deformation associated with irradiation. Removal of pre-existing strengthening obstacles can exceed new irradiation hardening, for example when an initially hardened microstructure undergoes recovery or precipitate dissolution. Compare an appropriate thermal control before attributing a measured change to radiation.
Transport accelerated by irradiation-maintained populations of mobile point defects. It can change precipitation, segregation and recovery. Its consequences depend on defect production, recombination and defect sinks, rather than simply on the nominal displacement dose.
Volume increase caused by irradiation-induced defects and microstructure changes. Accumulating helium and defect clusters can contribute; radiation-induced swelling is not identical to radiation-induced amorphization.
Retention of helium produced by alpha decay or nuclear reactions. helium can be trapped at defects and form bubbles; its long-term effects are distinct from the immediate ballistic collision cascade.
Chemical damage initiated by ionization and electronic excitation from radiation. It is distinct from direct momentum-transfer knock-on displacement; the useful image information per damaging event depends on beam energy and specimen.
Displacement of an atom when a collision transfers enough momentum to exceed its displacement threshold. Its energy dependence differs from radiolysis.
Retaining only the electric dipole induced in a small sphere gives . In the backward direction its differential scattering cross-section is , so the radar cross section is . This response model omits the sphere's induced magnetic dipole moment; it must be distinguished from perfect-conductor sphere dipole interference.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI/LasR acyl-homoserine-lactone signaling system, often upstream of additional quorum-sensing circuits in laboratory strains.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa RhlI/RhlR system, whose regulation of virulence-factor production is linked to PqsE and the broader signaling network.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact