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A nanocrystal with one semiconducting composition surrounded by another. band offsets, interface quality and shell thickness govern carrier confinement and coupling to external traps. type-I band alignment favors electron and hole localization together; type-II band alignment can separate them. A larger shell band gap does not by itself determine those offsets.
For a circular two-dimensional parabolic dot in perpendicular magnetic field, orbital levels are , with . The sign depends on the angular-momentum and signed-charge convention. At zero field the shell degeneracy is before spin; Zeeman and interaction terms require separate treatment.
A small electron island confined laterally by depletion gates in an already vertically confined two-dimensional electron gas. Tunnel barriers couple it to reservoirs, and a plunger gate tunes charge occupation. Coulomb blockade and orbital confinement resolve individual electron additions.
An effect of one gene or genetic variant on multiple distinguishable phenotypic traits. It can constrain evolution when effects oppose simultaneous improvement, or facilitate coordinated improvement when their directions align with natural selection. Distinguish a single causal change from several linked changes.
A proposed decrease in the rate of adaptation when mutations affect more independently selected dimensions. In Fisher's geometric model, a large random step can improve one component while damaging others. The prediction depends on the scaling of mutational effects and need not follow from a simple count of organismal traits.
A vector describing direct selection on measured phenotypic traits, conditional on the other measured traits. In a local deterministic fitness model it can be written ; biological population regression estimates require their own sampling and fitness assumptions. This differs in context from a rare-mutant invasion selection gradient.
The local response approximation , where is the additive genetic covariance matrix and is a phenotypic selection gradient. Correlated inheritance can facilitate one direction of response and inhibit another.[ref]
The covariance matrix of additive inherited contributions to a collection of phenotypic traits. Its diagonal entries are additive genetic variances; off-diagonal entries describe additive genetic covariance. It summarizes available local directions of response but can change as allele frequencies and associations change.
The component of variation in a specified trait attributable to differences among genotypes in the stated environment and biological population. Additive genetic variance is distinguished from contributions due to dominance and epistasis.
Shared variation in inherited contributions to different phenotypic traits. It can arise from pleiotropy or associations between separate causal genetic loci; measuring it does not distinguish these mechanisms by itself.
pleiotropy in which a change has benefits and costs in different traits, environments, sexes or life stages. Whether an allele spreads depends on its net contribution to genotype fitness, rather than the sign of any one effect.
Mapping inherited differences in a quantitative phenotypic trait to genomic intervals through segregation and genetic recombination. A detected interval need not contain only one causal gene or genetic variant.
Dependence of a difference between genotypes on the environment. Crossing reaction norms provides a clear example: one genotype can outperform another in one environment but reverse rank elsewhere.
A phenotypic trait influenced by variation at multiple genetic loci. Absence of a single shared large-effect region does not exclude repeated evolution through many small inherited effects.
The genetic variants, their effects, interactions and arrangement that contribute to a specified phenotype in a stated biological population and environment.
An effect of one individual's genotype on another individual's phenotype, mediated through the environment or social interaction. Maternal effects are genetic only insofar as maternal genetic variation contributes to them.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact