Physical Review Letters 58, 2059–2062 (1987). Primary proposal to inhibit spontaneous emission by placing the transition within a complete electromagnetic band gap of a three-dimensional periodic dielectric.
Physical Review 75, 1912–1925 (1949). Primary classical calculation of total radiated power and the angular and spectral properties of accelerated energetic electrons.
1995 primary calculation by A. J. Millis, P. B. Littlewood and B. I. Shraiman: the spin-only double-exchange model does not explain the measured resistivity; electron–phonon coupling is proposed.
2012 preprint by the experimental/theoretical investigators, reviewing exciton condensation attempts, Auger losses and reinterpretations of earlier claims. The later journal version appeared in 2014.
2006 original microcavity experiment; Nature443,409–414. Measurements combine occupation, temporal/spatial coherence and polarization evidence.
The cover carries an internal 2021 date, while the title page specifies publication on 31 January 2022. The institutional report gives evaluation conventions, spin/parity evidence criteria and electromagnetic transition-strength benchmarks. www.nndc.bnl.gov/ensdf/evalcorner/pdfs/Evaluators_Guidelines_2021_V2.pdf
The original study combines optical light curves, companion-star radial velocities, rotational broadening and a distance constraint to infer the compact object's mass. The result solar masses is the estimate from this 2011 analysis, rather than a claim about the latest mass determination.
Yang-Mills Theory by David Tong by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-20 Updated 2026-11-05
Authored chapter2 of the lecture notes on gauge theory. Section2.3.2, printed pp56–58, develops the quantum-mechanical double-well analogy before its gauge-theory application.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 344, L43–L47. Primary X-ray analysis of radio-bubble-associated fronts and ripples, with a proposed mechanical heating/cooling balance. arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0306036 doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06902.x
This primary observational study combines disk-averaged star-formation and gas tracers for normal spirals and infrared-selected starbursts. Its fitted power-law index is ; the tracer selection, dust correction and gas conversion factors matter to interpretation.
The study uses cosmological simulations and clustering theory to investigate cold gas supply to rapidly star-forming early galaxies. It compares stream-fed formation with observed galaxy abundance. These are model calculations informed by observations, not a direct image of every predicted gas stream.
The primary calculation treats a collisionless stellar disk and obtains the critical radial velocity dispersion . A fluid disk has a related but numerically different criterion involving . The distinction matters when a fluid dispersion relation is used to approximate stellar random motion.

Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project

Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
  1. topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculus
    Articles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
    • a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
    • a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
    This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
    Figure 1.
    Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page
    . View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative
  2. local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:
    This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
    Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.
    Video 3.
    Edit locally and publish demo
    . Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.
  3. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook-media/master/feature/x/hilbert-space-arrow.png
  4. Infinitely deep tables of contents:
    Figure 6.
    Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents
    .
    Descendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact