The primary survey compares interstellar sodium absorption with galaxy systemic velocities in infrared-bright starbursts. Blueshifts and a viewing-angle dependence support a minor-axis outflow interpretation. Saturation, ionization and geometry limit conversion of the absorption into total mass-loss rates.

Ling-An Wu, H. J. Kimble, John L. Hall and Huifa Wu reported cavity degenerate parametric down conversion and below-vacuum optical quadrature noise measured by balanced homodyne detection. The publisher abstract also emphasizes attenuation when comparing measured and inferred squeezing. doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2520

The paper introduces frequency-resolved optical gating for arbitrary femtosecond pulse characterization. Author-hosted original: frog.gatech.edu/Pubs/Kane-1stFROG-QE-1993.pdf. DOI: doi.org/10.1109/3.199311

The page describes H. F. Reid's explanation and cites his 1910 report; the agency page is the source accessed here.

Course instructor attribution: ocw.mit.edu/courses/12-201-essentials-of-geophysics-fall-2004/

Institutional explanation of absorbed sunlight, reflected sunlight, thermal radiation and the atmospheric greenhouse effect. Used for the distinction between effective radiating temperature and surface temperature.

Physical Review Letters 78, 5–8 (1997); erratum Physical Review Letters 81, 5475 (1998). Primary torsion-pendulum measurement of a boundary-dependent electromagnetic interaction between conducting surfaces.

PASP 85, 573–578. Primary classical treatment of parallax-based luminosity calibration under a spatial-population model. Its assumptions do not justify a universal correction to every modern individual-star distance inference. Bibliographic details are also verified in the references of An eclipsing-binary distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud accurate to two per cent by G. Pietrzyński and others.

Nature 495, 76–79, DOI doi.org/10.1038/nature11878. Primary observational distance calibration using eight late-type eclipsing binaries; the abstract reports a 2.2% LMC distance accuracy. Its statistical and systematic distance errors are reported separately.

Primary research, Nature 400, 539–541, DOI doi.org/10.1038/22972. The preprint title includes the 4% qualification. The observed water-maser proper motions and accelerations in NGC 4258 supply an orbital distance anchor independent of stellar standard candles.

Primary cluster survey catalogue. The journal title adds “The” before “Planck catalogue”; Astronomy & Astrophysics 571, A29, DOI doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321523. Multifrequency detection, completeness characterization and follow-up validation are directly relevant to interpreting an SZ-selected population.

Physical Review Letters 68, 2981–2984. Authored research paper introducing a two-particle inequality-free nonlocality argument.

Proceedings of the 28th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, pp. 212–219.

Proceedings of the International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing, Bangalore, pp. 175–179. The linked author-uploaded scan reproduces the original proceedings paper; its arXiv upload date is 2020.

The helium-4 characteristic-property table gives a normal boiling point of 4.224 K and a critical temperature of 5.2 K.

The institutional observing guide explains interferometric Fourier sampling, the primary beam and synthesized resolution. Its “Imaging of extended structures” section gives the approximate $0.6\lambda /b_{\min }$ scale and explains the need for short-spacing measurements. This is an operational rule of thumb, not an exact source-independent cutoff.

Institutional electromagnetism notes: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/355/Surveyhtml/node85.html. The grounded-plane construction and uniqueness argument provide a reusable image-charge example.

Institutional fluid-mechanics notes: farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/336L/Fluidhtml/node74.html. Equations5.73–5.81 retain arbitrary circulation around the cylinder and its lift; the later discussion explains the extra initially noncirculating condition.