A researcher whose team used electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy to measure catalyst composition during gold-seeded gallium arsenide nanowire growth. Observing the catalyst while the wire grows addresses a central experimental difficulty: a particle examined after cooling need not preserve its working composition. Measuring the catalyst under growth conditions helps connect the supply of material to the liquid with the formation of new solid layers.^[ref]

A researcher whose nucleation model with colleagues explains why a growing nanowire can adopt wurtzite even when the corresponding bulk semiconductor favors the zinc blende structure. Forming a new layer at the line where the catalyst liquid, solid wire and surrounding vapor meet changes the relevant interface-energy balance. The model predicts how a supersaturated solution can favor one structure during growth, connecting crystal form with the local growth mechanism.^[ref]

A researcher whose team demonstrated control of zinc oxide nanowire shape by changing the solution chemistry during growth. Charged complexes preferentially adsorb on different crystal faces, slowing growth in selected directions. Changing additives and pH therefore changes the ratio of length to width, from plate-like crystals to needles. This supplies a physical mechanism for controlling structure through electrostatic interactions and adsorption, rather than relying only on a fixed growth recipe.^[ref]

A researcher in semiconductor devices whose joint work with H. J. Hovel demonstrated heterojunction solar cells made from gallium arsenide and an aluminum-containing alloy. The additional layer admits useful light while reducing surface recombination and electrical resistance. Their 1972 experiment illustrates why an efficient solar cell depends on controlling what happens to generated carriers at a surface, as well as on absorbing incident light.^[ref]

A semiconductor researcher whose work with Jerry M. Woodall improved gallium arsenide solar cells using a heterojunction. A surface layer reduced surface recombination while transmitting much of the useful incident light. Comparing the spectral response before and after removing that layer exposed how surface losses suppress charge collection, connecting device efficiency with a measurable microscopic loss mechanism.^[ref]

The scientific collaboration operating the L3 experiment.

A technical author whose X-ray system manual explains how instrument geometry turns a detected intensity into a diffraction measurement. Coupled crystal and detector rotation maintains the reflection geometry while the angle is scanned. The description links a mechanical arrangement with the angles needed to analyze Bragg diffraction.^[ref]

A researcher explicitly credited with measurements used to certify a superconducting critical current standard. Testing the same niobium-titanium wire under controlled magnetic field and temperature provides a practical check of whether different laboratories obtain comparable current-carrying capacities.^[ref]

A researcher whose joint work established a niobium-titanium wire standard for superconducting critical current. The certification relates measured current to both temperature and the chosen electric field threshold, making those conditions explicit in comparisons between laboratories.^[ref]

A statistician who provided the experimental design and data analysis for a superconducting critical current standard. The model included variation along the wire, so the reported measurement uncertainty described an individual specimen rather than just the mean of many measurements.^[ref]

A researcher who coordinated certification measurements for a niobium-titanium wire standard. The experiment established reproducible superconducting critical current values at specified temperature and magnetic field, letting laboratories compare their electrical measurements against a common physical specimen.^[ref]

Institutional collaboration producing the Geant4 simulation toolkit and its reference manuals. Official website: geant4.web.cern.ch

Institutional author of the instrument and adaptive-optics documentation cited below. www.eso.org