Differential use or selection of habitats, which can affect exposure to resources, mates and selection.

Transmission of acquired information or behavioural patterns between individuals or generations through social processes. It need not follow genetic parentage.

Change in performance or behaviour through experience, distinguished from immediate sensory responses, fatigue and maturation.

The study of conscious experience in non-human animals. Behavioural and neural evidence can constrain hypotheses without directly providing another individual's standpoint.

Attribution of human-like properties to non-human animals. Its evidential risk depends on whether the attributed mechanism is tested rather than assumed.

A change in responses to ambiguous stimuli relative to trained reference stimuli. Motivation, general activity and perceptual discrimination require control.

Attribution or representation of mental states in oneself or others to explain or predict behaviour. Component abilities need not form an all-or-none package.

An internal state or process used in representing information about the world, self or others. Behavioural tests should distinguish its proposed content from simpler predictive rules.

Looking towards a predicted future action or event before it occurs. Gaze measures require prespecified regions, timing and exclusions.

Storage of food for future use, which creates opportunities for both memory and competition over stored resources.

Monitoring or control of one's own cognition. Metacognitive monitoring estimates aspects of current or future performance, while metacognitive control uses such estimates to guide behaviour. Metamemory applies these functions to remembering; uncertainty responses provide a way to study some of them without verbal reports. Successful behaviour alone need not establish introspection or subjective awareness.

Use of mirror information in recognizing one's own body. A particular test outcome does not establish all forms of self-representation or theory of mind.

Maternal behaviour supplying offspring with resources and potentially bioactive transferred material. Resource quantity and material composition can affect offspring differently.

Biological material passed from one individual's body to another and capable of influencing the receiver. Simply carrying external food is not sufficient for the narrower framework; donor-processed or donor-produced components matter.

Behaviour by a parent affecting offspring survival or development, including provisioning, defence and control of the developmental environment. Its costs and benefits need separate measurement.

Transmission of information between animals through signals or cues, assessed through effects on receivers.

Removal or avoidance of contaminated material or infected individuals, potentially reducing exposure of an individual or group to pathogens. disease reduction must be measured rather than inferred from cleaning alone.

Sensory and behavioural processes reducing exposure to pathogens, such as avoidance of contamination. This broader defence usage should be distinguished from cellular and molecular immunity.

Use of substances or actions that reduce harm from parasites or disease. Tests require a health benefit, a relevant behavioural response and controls against ordinary nutritional preference.

Coordinated changes in activity, appetite and social or other motivations associated with immune activation. Context dependence and experimental controls distinguish it from simple incapacity.