Part of the Implementing a language with LLVM tutorial in LLVM 20.1.0 documentation.

Online text: releases.llvm.org/20.1.0/docs/tutorial/MyFirstLanguageFrontend/LangImpl04.html

Cited passages: LLVM 20.1.0 documentation, Implementing a language with LLVM, §4.1: optimizer and just-in-time compilation additions; §4.4: HandleTopLevelExpression, addModule, lookup and a native function call; §4.5: full code listing and ExprSymbol.toPtr.

Part of the Implementing a language with LLVM tutorial in LLVM 20.1.0 documentation.

Online text: releases.llvm.org/20.1.0/docs/tutorial/MyFirstLanguageFrontend/LangImpl03.html

Cited passages: LLVM 20.1.0 documentation, Implementing a language with LLVM, §3.1: transformation of an abstract syntax tree into LLVM IR and matching the tutorial to the installed release; §3.5: driver output of generated LLVM IR.

Beth Parks coauthored a quantum treatment of beam splitters with Charles H. Holbrow and Enrique Galvez. Describing the device requires complex probability amplitudes and their relative quantum phases, not only the fraction of power sent to each output. A unitary matrix transforms the input optical modes into the output modes, connecting single-photon detection probabilities with experiments involving correlated photons. This gives an experimental device a common mathematical description across several quantum-optics demonstrations.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

Enrique Galvez develops optical experiments and teaching methods in quantum mechanics. With collaborators, he explained photon transformations at a beam splitter using probability amplitudes rather than only classical intensities. A consistent unitary matrix keeps the reflection and transmission wave phases together, so different paths can interfere correctly. This connects a familiar laboratory component with the quantum accounting needed to predict detection probabilities.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

A physicist who helped develop experiments and teaching methods for the quantum behavior of photons. With Enrique Galvez and Beth Parks, he showed how to describe a beam splitter using a unitary matrix that transforms optical modes. Treating the device at the amplitude level, including its phases, gives a common framework for single-photon interference and experiments with correlated photons.^[ref]

Lothar Kador and William E. Moerner demonstrated optical detection of individual dopant molecules in a solid in 1989. They measured absorption from pentacene in a para-terphenyl host crystal at low temperature. Working in the wings of an inhomogeneously broadened spectral line reduced the number of resonant molecules, while two modulation methods suppressed interfering background signals. This connected careful background control and spectroscopic selection with measurements beyond an ensemble-averaged molecular response.^[ref]

Homepage: www.bimf.uni-bayreuth.de/de/team/Kador-Lothar/

A physicist whose Morse potential provides an exactly solvable model of molecular vibration. His 1929 solution of the Schrödinger equation replaces the equally spaced levels of a harmonic oscillator by levels whose spacing decreases toward dissociation. This anharmonicity makes the model useful for interpreting the spectra of diatomic molecules, where a chemical bond can stretch far enough to break.^[ref]

J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hartland Snyder calculated the continued gravitational collapse of an ideal pressureless spherical body in general relativity. Their 1939 model distinguishes the finite time measured along the infalling matter from the distant-coordinate description of the surface. Escaping light becomes progressively redshifted, connecting the dynamics of collapse with what an outside observer can receive. The calculation is a deliberately simplified model, with pressure and nonspherical structure omitted, whose importance lies in following the contraction beyond a static equilibrium description.^[ref]

Homepage: www.ias.edu/oppenheimer-legacy

Max Born interpreted the wave function in terms of the probability of experimental outcomes. His 1926 treatment of scattering connected the outgoing-wave amplitude with the distribution of collision results, making a probability amplitude a predictor of statistics rather than a literal spread-out particle density. In modern elastic-scattering notation, an outgoing amplitude $f(\theta ,\varphi )$ gives the differential scattering cross-section $d\sigma /d\Omega =|f(\theta ,\varphi ){|}^2$. The squared magnitude, rather than the amplitude itself, determines the observable angular distribution.^[ref]

Homepage: www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/born/facts/

Leonard C. Maximon developed mathematical tools for quantum electrodynamics and contributed to the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions. His authored chapter on angular-momentum symbols organizes the coefficients needed to combine and recouple quantum angular momenta. These coefficients connect alternative coupled bases, so their identities and numerical evaluation matter in spectroscopy and scattering calculations. He also coauthored the library's treatment of Bessel functions, linking reusable special functions with physical applications.^[ref]

Homepage: dlmf.nist.gov/about/bio/LCMaximon

Heinrich Hertz made electromagnetic waves experimentally accessible using electrical oscillators and a receiving loop with a small spark gap. The receiver's sparks supplied a local readout whose dependence on orientation, position and reflecting surfaces could be investigated. The resulting interference and polarization tests connected the apparatus with a wave description of the field. His collected papers also discuss limitations of early propagation measurements and specify the geometry and controls used to interpret the observations.^[ref]

Homepage: www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/heinrich-hertz

An optical physicist who authored instructional material for a Fabry–Pérot interferometer spectrum analyzer. The manual connects cavity resonances and stability to measurements of laser modes and line structure. Adjusting a real optical cavity gives students a concrete way to connect interference, spectral resolution and the alignment requirements of a laboratory instrument.^[ref]

Alfred Perot collaborated with Charles Fabry on the Fabry–Pérot interferometer, developed in the late 1890s. Repeatedly reflected light interferes so that transmission is strongest near discrete optical-path resonances. Changing the spacing or propagation angle shifts those resonances, allowing the instrument to compare wavelengths and examine fine spectral lines. Their collaboration made this multiple-beam wave interference into a practical method of high-resolution spectroscopy.^[ref]

Biography: www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Alfred_Perot/103059

Charles Fabry and Alfred Perot developed the Fabry–Pérot interferometer for precise optical measurements. Multiple reflections between nearly parallel reflecting surfaces produce narrow transmission resonances, separating nearby components of an optical spectrum. Their work connected wave interference with wavelength metrology, spectroscopy and astrophysics. The instrument's value is that many interfering paths can resolve fine spectral structure that a simple two-beam arrangement would not separate as sharply.^[ref]

Biography: www.optica.org/History/Biographies/bios/Charles-Fabry

An experimental optical physicist whose research uses Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence to investigate materials. Her NIST profile describes combined magneto-Raman and electrical transport measurements: the same sample can be probed optically while its response to a magnetic field is measured electrically. The combination connects vibrational and electronic properties rather than relying on either signal alone.^[ref]

An experimental atomic physicist who coauthored a measurement of the gravitational constant using atom interferometry. This connected the phase accumulated by freely falling chemical atoms to the attraction of controlled laboratory masses.^[ref]

Identity: lens.unifi.it/aboutus/profile/guglielmo-maria-tino

An atomic physicist who coauthored a precision gravitational constant measurement using atom interferometry. The experiment required modeling the atomic trajectories and source masses to turn an observed phase shift into a value of the constant.^[ref]

Identity: www.unibo.it/sitoweb/marco.prevedelli

An atomic physicist who coauthored a gravitational constant experiment using laser-cooled chemical atoms. Moving the source masses changed the measured gravitational acceleration, allowing the experiment to isolate their attraction.^[ref]

Identity: arxiv.org/abs/1003.1481

Institutional profile: www.cosmos.esa.int/web/space-science-faculty/members/directory

An experimental physicist who coauthored a gravitational constant measurement with cold atoms. The apparatus compared two spatially separated atom interferometers, helping distinguish the source-mass signal from common disturbances.^[ref]

Identity: arxiv.org/abs/1003.1481

Institutional profile: www.difi.unige.it/it/dipartimento/persone/fiodor-sorrentino

An experimental atomic physicist who coauthored a 2014 measurement of the gravitational constant using cold atoms. The atom interferometer sensed the attraction of nearby source masses, providing a quantum probe of Newton's law of universal gravitation.^[ref]

Identity: lens.unifi.it/aboutus/profile/gabriele-rosi