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For the planar porous medium equation $n_t=[D_0/(3n_0^2)]\Delta (n^3)$, the mass-$Q$ point-source similarity solution is $n=n_0{\lambda }^{-2}\sqrt{[1-r^2/(r_0^2{\lambda }^2){]}_{+}}$, with $\lambda =(6D_{0}t/r_0^2{)}^{1/6}$ and $r_0^2=3Q/(2\pi n_0)$. Its front grows as $t^{1/6}$ and its central density falls as $t^{-1/3}$. The mass conservation integral uses the planar area element $2\pi rdr$. Although the density slope diverges at the front, its diffusion flux vanishes there, giving a compactly supported weak solution with initial measure $Q{\delta }^{(2)}$.

Reinvest each maturity payment in the next unit-principal zero-coupon bond. Positive bond prices make the resulting self-financing portfolio strictly positive, so it can be used as a numéraire. Its one-step growth is the reciprocal of the current one-period bond price.

A set containing a countable intersection of open dense subsets. The intersection itself is also called a residual set. In a Baire space it is dense. This topological notion of genericity does not by itself assert full measure.

In steady axisymmetric ideal magnetohydrodynamics, induction makes $\omega$ constant on regular connected poloidal flux surfaces. It describes field-line rotation. The material angular velocity is $u_{\varphi }/R=\omega +k{B}_{\varphi }/(\rho R)$ and differs when the toroidal magnetic field contributes. If the poloidal magnetic field vanishes, the flux-surface integration requires separate treatment.

For a pressure-free flowing poloidal flux surface, subtracting its angular velocity times the azimuthal momentum equation from the mechanical energy equation shows that ${ϵ}_J$ is constant. It equals poloidal kinetic energy plus $(u_{\varphi }-R\omega {)}^2/2+\Phi -R^2{\omega }^2/2$. This is the total magnetohydrodynamic Bernoulli invariant minus $\omega$ times the total magnetohydrodynamic angular-momentum invariant, not the total energy alone.

The Poisson equation for Newtonian gravity givesFor $V>0$, nonnegative mass density away from the origin is equivalent to $q^2\ge 1/2$. Strict positivity requires $q^2>1/2$. This condition does not by itself guarantee a nonnegative galactic distribution function.

Under ${\gamma }_{\mu \nu }\mapsto e^{2\omega }{\gamma }_{\mu \nu }$, the quadratic kinetic density of a $p$-brane scales as $e^{(p-1)\omega }$ and its constant density scales as $e^{(p+1)\omega }$. At $p=1$ the first factor is one and the constant term in the auxiliary-metric brane action vanishes. The traced metric equation is then an identity, leaving a Weyl transformation freedom. For $p\ne 1$, the metric equation instead identifies the auxiliary and induced worldvolume metrics.

For $|\varphi |<1$, the bilateral sum ${\sum }_{k\in \mathbb{Z}}{\varphi }^{|k|}{z}^k$ equals $(1-{\varphi }^2)/((1-\varphi z)(1-\varphi z^{-1}))$ on the unit circle. Multiplying by ${\sigma }^2/(\pi (1-{\varphi }^2))$ gives the one-sided autoregressive spectrum and reads off its covariance coefficients.

Independent unit-variance Gaussian observations with mean $x_v$ add $y_v-1/2$ to the local binary field. The posterior distribution conditional probability is $\mathrm{logistic}(\alpha +\beta z_v+y_v-1/2)$. The neighbor interaction is unchanged, so checkerboard conditional independence and the same Gibbs schemes remain valid.

For a nonzero finite-dimensional complex vector space $V$, a unital matrix algebra acting irreducibly on $V$ is the full endomorphism algebra. Its Jacobson radical annihilates $V$: otherwise the radical times $V$ is all of $V$, contradicting nilpotence. Faithfulness kills the radical, and the Artin–Wedderburn theorem then leaves one simple matrix factor acting on its standard column module. This is a matrix-algebra theorem, distinct from the orbit-counting Burnside lemma and the finite-group Burnside's theorem.

For a projective complete intersection curve cut out by a homogeneous regular sequence of positive degrees $a,b$ in ${\mathbb{P}}_k^3$, the Koszul resolution gives Hilbert polynomial $abm+ab(4-a-b)/2$. Hence its arithmetic genus is $1+ab(a+b-4)/2$. The same resolution shows $H^0(C,{\mathcal{O}}_C)=k$, and the dimension of a scheme is one, so this genus equals ${\dim }_k{H}^1(C,{\mathcal{O}}_C)$. Smoothness and irreducibility of the curve are not required. For degrees five and seven, the value is $141$.

Uniform convergence in probability of empirical criteria on a compact set proves consistency for minimizers in that set; it does not confine a minimizer over a larger domain. A bounded identifiable regression function can approach its true value again at infinity. For median regression, $a(\theta )={\theta }^2/(1+{\theta }^4)$ has unique zero at zero, but a small positive fitted sample median $c$ has a second solution ${\theta }^2=(1+\sqrt{1-4c^2})/(2c)$. This solution diverges as $c\downarrow 0$, although uniform convergence on any fixed compact interval holds. Constraining the estimator, or proving suitable global separation and localization, repairs the argument.

If ${\varphi }_B=Z_{\varphi }^{1/2}{\varphi }_R$, differentiating a renormalized $n$-point function at fixed bare parameters gives $(\mu {\partial }_{\mu }+\beta {\partial }_g+n{\gamma }_{\varphi })G_{n,R}=0$. With this convention the field scaling dimension at a fixed point is its engineering dimension plus ${\gamma }_{\varphi }$. The critical exponent $\eta$ for scalar two-point decay is $2{\gamma }_{\varphi }$.

With Adjoint representation convention ${\mathrm{ad}}_X(Y)=[X,Y]$, the matrix exponential identity is $e^{-X}Y{e}^X=e^{-{\mathrm{ad}}_X}Y$. Inverse conjugation reverses product order, so it is a right action or antirepresentation, whereas ${\mathrm{Ad}}_g(Y)=gY{g}^{-1}$ is an ordinary left group representation. The first-order terms $Y\mp [X,Y]$ detect a sign mismatch immediately. Negating every adjoint generator without reversing the Lie bracket does not give a new Lie-algebra homomorphism.

When compositions and adjoints are defined on the common test domain, reversing products gives $[A,B{]}^{\ast }=[B^{\ast },A^{\ast }]$. In particular a self-adjoint Dolbeault Laplacian and the mutually adjoint Lefschetz operators satisfy $[{\Delta }_{\bar{\partial }},L{]}^{\ast }=[\Lambda ,{\Delta }_{\bar{\partial }}]$.

Let $T_m$ consist of a rooted path of $m\ge 1$ edges followed by two leaves at its far end. Its only vertex with two children has depth $m$. An adjacency-preserving rooted-tree embedding must preserve this depth, so $T_m$ embeds into $T_n$ only when $m=n$. This gives an infinite bad sequence, while rooted-tree homeomorphic embeddings can stretch the stems.

The signed instantaneous contribution of apsidal precession to azimuthal motion during isotropic stellar mass loss is $\dot{\varpi }/\dot{\theta }=-(\dot{\mu }/\mu n)(1-e^2{)}^{3/2}\sin f/[e(1+e\cos f{)}^2]$. Its maximum absolute magnitude is small when $n|\mu /\dot{\mu }|\gg F(e)$, where $F(e)\sim 1/e$ near a circular orbit and $F(e)\to 3\sqrt{3}/4$ as $e\to 1$. The low-orbital eccentricity coordinate singularity can be avoided by evolving the eccentricity vector.

The dual of an abelian variety represents algebraically trivial line bundles rigidified at the origin. Its group law is tensor product. A group homomorphism $f:A\to B$ induces $\hat{f}:\hat{B}\to \hat{A}$ by pullback of these line bundles.

A smooth projective curve $C\subset A$ generates $A$ by its point differences if and only if it meets every prime Weil divisor. If a prime Weil divisor avoids $C$, its restriction to $C$ has degree zero; constancy of line bundle degree in a family shows that every translate either contains $C$ or misses it. This forces invariance under $C-C$ and puts the generated subgroup inside the line bundle translation stabilizer. If this subgroup were all of $A$, the divisor would be algebraically trivial, contradicting its positive intersection with an ample line bundle. Conversely a proper closed generated subgroup admits a disjoint divisor by the pole divisor avoiding a fiber construction, after translating the fiber to contain $C$.

For odd $p$, remove the finite torsion subgroup ${\mu }_{p-1}$ from the Galois group of $\mathbb{Q}({\mu }_{p^{\infty }})/\mathbb{Q}$ by taking its fixed field. For $p=2$, take the fixed field of $\{\pm 1\}$ instead. The remaining Galois group is ${\mathbb{Z}}_p$, using the p-adic logarithm on $1+p{\mathbb{Z}}_p$ or $1+4{\mathbb{Z}}_2$. For a number field $K$, the cyclotomic Zp-extension is the compositum with this rational tower.