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A phalanx is a bone of an anatomical digit. Human fingers and toes have serially arranged phalanges, with counts differing among digits. The term identifies a segment within a digit rather than a whole finger or toe.

A palatal bone participating in the connection between the palate and posterior skull apparatus.

The pubic symphysis is the midline cartilaginous joint between the two pubic bones. It helps maintain continuity of the pelvic ring while allowing limited movement. It is structurally different from the posterior sacroiliac joints.

A skull bone forming the upper component of the ancestral jaw joint, homologous to the mammalian incus.

A bone of the jaw suspension in many nonmammalian vertebrates; its mobility contributes to avian cranial kinesis.

The radial groove is a groove on the posterior humerus associated with the course of the radial nerve and profunda brachii vessels. Their close relation to the bone helps explain why an injury of the humeral shaft can also disturb nerve function.

One of the two principal forearm bones; movement relative to the ulna contributes to forearm rotation.

A systemic inflammatory disorder that commonly affects synovial anatomical joints. Persistent immune-mediated inflammation can damage cartilage and bone; the disease differs from defining every chronic joint pain as ordinary degeneration.^[ref]

R. J. Splinter is a coauthor of the 1971 investigation of bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. The publisher lists Splinter with the College of Engineering at the University of Florida.^[ref]

The study developed a model for the bond between a glass-ceramic biomaterial and bone. It related material solubility and interfacial hydroxyapatite crystallization to histology and ultrastructure observed around rat-femur implants. Its scientific significance lies in examining a changing interface: dissolving species and newly formed mineral can matter as much as the original solid surface. Comparing chemical observations with tissue structure provides a way to test this mechanism, rather than assuming that contact alone establishes a durable bond.^[ref]

Hench’s retrospective describes Ray Splinter as a medical student who later became a reconstructive surgeon; the original publication’s R. J. Splinter byline is retained without expanding its initials.^[ref]

Rupak M. Rajachar is a biomedical engineer working across biomaterials and biomechanics. His University of Washington profile records an undergraduate degree in materials science at the University of Michigan in 1994, followed by biomedical-engineering graduate degrees in 2003 and postdoctoral work at Washington. Its research interests include biomaterials, mechanics of cells and tissues, and device design.^[ref]

Rajachar coauthored the study with M. D. Morris, W. F. Finney and David H. Kohn that tracked mineral responses in hydrated bone during elastic deformation. A mechanical tester mounted on a Raman microprobe stage allowed Raman spectroscopy and mechanical loading to be compared during the same experiment. The observed mineral response occurred below yield, so changes in the Raman spectrum were not confined to a specimen that had already failed.^[ref]

The composite material perspective explains why this is a useful combination. Constituent volume fractions by themselves do not specify how load passes through a heterogeneous specimen. An original two-phase rod calculation illustrates the point without modeling an actual bone. Give the constituents Young's moduli $E_1=40\mathrm{GPa}$ and $E_2=2\mathrm{GPa}$, and first-constituent volume fraction $\varphi =0.25$.

If equally long, perfectly connected constituent bars sit side by side and undergo the same axial strain, their forces add. The longitudinal rule of mixtures givesIf equal-area constituent segments instead lie in series along the loading direction, they carry the same axial stress and their extensions add. The isostress rule of mixtures givesThe same constituent Young's moduli and volume fractions produce very different axial responses because their arrangement changes. These exact one-dimensional rod models assume small elastic deformation and compatible connections; they do not account for the geometry, interfaces or full elastic tensors of biological tissue.

The lesson for interpreting a coupled experiment is that a molecular measurement and a macroscopic stress-strain curve answer complementary questions. A Raman spectrum can reveal changes in a particular vibrating component, while mechanical loading probes the response of the assembled composite material. A credible interpretation has to explain their relation instead of treating either as a complete description of material quality. This provides a concrete materials-mechanics connection to the biomaterials and tissue-mechanics interests documented in Rajachar's institutional profile.^[ref]

A malignant tumour with mesenchymal differentiation, including cancers of bone and soft tissues. It differs from epithelial carcinoma in cellular lineage rather than simply in anatomical depth.

The scapula is the flat shoulder bone carrying the glenoid cavity, which articulates with the humeral head. Its broad surfaces and processes provide muscle attachments. Movement of the scapula against the thoracic wall contributes to the range of shoulder movement beyond motion at the glenohumeral joint alone.

Displacement of the humeral head from its normal relation to the glenoid. Direction of displacement and associated nerve, vessel or bone injury distinguish different forms of this apparently similar injury.

The Silurian is a geological period between the Ordovician and the Devonian. Its rocks preserve evidence relevant to the diversification of jawed vertebrates and early terrestrial ecosystems.

A Silurian placoderm with marginal jaw bones resembling those of Osteichthyes illustrates its evolutionary importance: a fossil's combination of characters can challenge a simple sequence in which each major group acquires a wholly separate body plan.^[ref]

The sphenoid bone is a central skull-base bone with contributions to the orbit and middle cranial region. Its openings and processes relate to multiple nerves, vessels and muscular attachments. That central position makes it important for understanding neighboring skull compartments.

A skull bone participating in the mammalian dentary–squamosal jaw articulation.

The sternum is the anterior midline bone of the thorax. Connections with the ribs and clavicles link it to respiratory mechanics and shoulder support. Its broad position also helps protect the organs behind it.

The stylomastoid foramen is an opening in the temporal bone between the styloid and mastoid processes. The facial nerve exits the skull through it. Damage near the opening can therefore affect facial motor output after the nerve's earlier intratemporal course.

A tarsal plate is a dense connective-tissue support within an eyelid. It contains specialized glands and helps maintain lid shape. It is not a plate of bone, despite the stiffness implied by its name.

An opening behind the orbit in the skull. Homology depends on position and surrounding bones; a notch opening to a skull margin is a temporal emargination.