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The operator formalism describes a quantum system using states in a Hilbert space and observables represented by self-adjoint operators with suitable domains on that Hilbert space. Evolution and correlation functions are computed from Hamiltonian operators and their time-ordered products. For free quantized fields, the oscillator construction gives a Fock space. The operator-path-integral equivalence relates these matrix elements to integrals over field histories.

For bounded operators between Hilbert spaces, write the norm as the supremum of $|⟨Ax,y⟩|$ over unit vectors $x,y$. Moving the operator to the other slot proves equality of its norm with that of its adjoint operator. Applied to the exponential matrix, this makes the primal and dual analytic large sieve inequalities equivalent.

For a Hilbert space $H$, the linear span of the matrix-coefficient functionals $T\mapsto ⟨Tx,y⟩$ is a predual of $\mathcal{B}(H)$. The unit ball is compact in the resulting weak operator topology by the Tychonoff theorem, and the compact norming dual-pair criterion identifies $\mathcal{B}(H)$ with the dual of that span.

Nonnegative gain kernels and positive damping preserve pointwise order. The Volterra series for the linear Boltzmann equation has nonnegative terms when its initial datum is nonnegative. Applying this to the difference of two solutions proves comparison, with uniqueness identifying that difference with the positive series. This order property is distinct from positivity of a quadratic form on a Hilbert space.

For Fréchet spaces, the two continuity conditions for a linear map are equivalent. Original continuity makes every target continuous linear functional compose to a source continuous linear functional, proving weak continuity. Conversely, weak continuity makes these compositions continuous in the original source topology. They separate target points, so limits in the graph of a linear operator remain in the graph. The closed graph theorem for Fréchet spaces finishes the proof.

Without the hypotheses, equal continuous dual spaces do not imply equal topologies. The identity from an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space with its weak topology to its norm topology is weak-to-weak continuous but not continuous in those original topologies.

An orthogonal direct sum is a direct sum whose distinct summands are mutually orthogonal. For $v\in V$ and $w\in W$, the Pythagorean identity gives $\Vert v+w{\Vert }^2=\Vert v{\Vert }^2+\Vert w{\Vert }^2$. In a Hilbert space, a closed subspace of a Hilbert space and its orthogonal complement give an orthogonal direct sum of the entire space. The component maps are orthogonal projections and have operator norm one when their ranges are nonzero.

If $T{x}_j={\lambda }_j{x}_j$ for an infinite orthonormal sequence $(x_j)$ and a compact operator $T$ on a Hilbert space, then ${\lambda }_j\to 0$. Otherwise a subsequence of the vectors $T{x}_j$ stays pairwise separated, contradicting compactness.