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Incoming links: Lysozyme wall-removal experiment
Bacillus megaterium 2026-10-13
Bacillus megaterium is the historical species name used for strain KM in the lysozyme wall-removal experiment.
Cell wall 2026-10-13
A cell wall is a supporting structure outside a cell membrane. It helps preserve shape and bears the load when osmosis raises internal pressure. The cell membrane supplies the selective permeability described in its own article; the cell wall supplies mechanical reinforcement. These functions cooperate: a porous supporting layer can restrain expansion without being the boundary that retains dissolved solutes. Turgor pressure makes this cooperation visible in a firm leaf; plasmolysis and a lysozyme wall-removal experiment separate the two functions experimentally.[ref]
5.2 Passive Transport. Biology 2e, §5.2, Tonicity in Living Systems, Figure 5.13: wall support and plasmolysis
The material is not universal. Most bacteria use peptidoglycan, whose linked sugar chains and amino acid cross-links are explained below. A plant cell wall uses cellulose; a fungal cell wall contains chitin and glucans. Animals lack a cell wall, some bacteria are naturally wall-free, and archaea have different wall chemistry. Thus a cell wall is neither a universal cellular component nor one chemical recipe.[ref]
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. Biology 2e, §22.2, Figure 22.13 and The Cell Wall of Prokaryotes: wall-free bacteria and archaeal differences
[ref]4.3 Eukaryotic Cells. Biology 2e, §4.3, Animal Cells versus Plant Cells and The Cell Wall: cellulose and animal comparison
[ref]
Representative cell envelopes: different supporting layers outside the cell membrane
. Original layer-order schematic comparing Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, a plant cell wall, a fungal cell wall, a member of archaea with a protein wall and an animal cell. Colors distinguish a cell wall from a cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane. Thicknesses and spacing are illustrative, not measurements. These examples do not exhaust variation within any group. Details.
The bacterial outer membrane in typical Gram-negative bacteria is an additional membrane outside the peptidoglycan, not another name for that supporting mesh. The cell envelope includes the boundary layers together. An extra barrier can change access to the peptidoglycan, so response to lysozyme cannot be inferred from the mere presence of a cell wall.[ref]
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea. Biology 2e, §22.2, Figure 22.16: inner membrane, peptidoglycan and outer membrane
Centrifugation 2026-10-13
Centrifugation separates suspended material by its motion relative to a rotating liquid. A centrifuge rotor creates an outward centrifugal acceleration in the rotating reference frame; material denser than its surroundings tends to move outward, opposed by drag force. Collected material can form a centrifugation pellet, leaving a supernatant, or remain in separated zones within a density gradient. The useful question is which physical difference the separation exploits: a difference in sedimentation coefficient or a difference in buoyant density.
Centrifugation makes otherwise slow settling useful for studying biological cells, organelles, proteins and DNA. Separation and identification are different steps: a centrifugation pellet is a collected fraction, not proof that it contains only one kind of organelle. The lysozyme wall-removal experiment illustrates a complementary readout: testing material released into the separated liquid can be more informative than inspecting the retained solids.