Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2004 ib Paper 1 6B Solution Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-14
In three dimensions, the general rank-two isotropic tensor is and the general rank-three tensor invariant under proper rotations is . Here is the Kronecker delta and the Levi-Civita symbol. The latter is orientation-sensitive: an ordinary third-rank tensor invariant under all orthogonal transformations is zero instead. This distinction does not change the stress conclusion.
For an isotropic material, the constitutive tensor must consequently have in the proper-rotation convention. Hence . Mechanical stress in the model is also symmetric, so and every component vanishes. Thus nonzero stress linear in the field requires anisotropic material coefficients. This is the isotropic linear magnetostriction vanishes restriction, not a claim that all higher-order magnetostriction is impossible in isotropic materials.