Modified gravity

Modified gravity changes the Einstein-Hilbert action or its field equations in order to produce gravitational dynamics different from general relativity.

An f(R) theory replaces the Ricci scalar in the gravitational action by a smooth function $f(R)$. Its metric field equation is

If $f(0)=0$, $f^{\prime }(0)=1$, and $f^{\prime \prime }(0)=0$, then $f(R)=R+O(R^3)$ near zero. The field equations linearized about Minkowski spacetime are therefore the Linearized Einstein equations; deviations first appear beyond linear order.