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Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

The 1969 SLAC-MIT deep inelastic electron scattering experiment found approximate Bjorken scaling: an estimated deep-inelastic structure function depended mainly on a ratio of kinematic variables. Its restricted angular coverage did not separately determine both deep-inelastic structure functions, and the extraction assumed transverse virtual photons. This was motivation for a microscopic theory, not already a measurement of the QCD coupling.^[ref]

The 1973 David Gross–Frank Wilczek calculation supplied a quantum field theory explanation of approximately free partons with calculable logarithmic corrections. Asymptotic freedom therefore permits approximate Bjorken scaling without requiring exact scale independence. The QCD coupling governs the corrections, while parton distribution functions and their evolution connect the short-distance calculation to a proton.^[ref]

In a later direct test, H1 collided Positrons and protons at HERA and selected deep inelastic scattering events. A liquid-argon particle calorimeter identified the outgoing Positron with an associated track; calorimeter deposits and charged tracks reconstructed particle jets in the Breit frame. Vertex, timing and longitudinal energy-balance cuts suppressed backgrounds; two simulations checked detector corrections. Fits of particle jet cross sections to next-to-leading-order QCD extracted ${\alpha }_s(E_T)$ in transverse-energy bins, consistent with decreasing QCD coupling. Hadronization, parton distribution functions and renormalization scale choices limited the inference. This measures rates and fits a coupling, rather than directly reading a force meter.^[ref]

Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

Henry Way Kendall coauthored measurements of deep inelastic scattering that exposed structure inside the proton. Measuring the scattered electron's energy and direction determines the energy and momentum transferred to the target. The extracted structure function showed approximate scaling under the paper's stated assumptions, providing evidence for pointlike constituents. The test depended on systematic comparisons across collision kinematics rather than a visual image of a quark.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

Jerome Isaac Friedman helped establish the constituent structure of hadrons through deep inelastic scattering. In the electron–proton measurements, changes in the outgoing electron's energy and angle mapped the target's response at different momentum transfers. Approximate scaling suggested that the probe was interacting with smaller, nearly pointlike constituents. Interpreting that response connected an accelerator measurement with the developing quark model.^[ref]

A physicist.^[ref]

Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

Coauthored electron-proton deep inelastic scattering measurements testing approximate Bjorken scaling, with data at 6° and 10°.^[ref]

An experimental particle physicist who coauthored measurements of deep inelastic scattering of electrons from protons. Comparing scattered-electron energies and angles gave access to proton structure functions and their approximate scaling behavior. The experiment made the proton's short-distance structure testable through momentum transfer rather than through a literal image.^[ref]

Starting in 1967, a collaboration at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology directed an electron beam at liquid hydrogen, providing proton targets. Jerome Isaac Friedman, Henry Way Kendall and Richard Edward Taylor participated in this experimental program.^[ref]

The 1969 paper Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering reports inclusive electron spectra at $6^{\circ }$ and $10^{\circ }$ with incident energies from $7$ to $17\mathrm{GeV}$. Its scaling comparison estimated ${\nu }_{\mathrm{lab}}{W}_2$ under a transverse-virtual photon assumption, finding approximate agreement as a function of $\omega =1/x$ for $Q^2>1{\mathrm{GeV}}^2$ and $\omega >4$. These are the paper's conditions, not a claim of exact Bjorken scaling at every momentum transfer.^[ref]