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Impaired formation or retention of new human memory after onset of the condition, distinct from a general loss of sensory perception or intelligence.

A visual-recognition disorder attributed to difficulty accessing meaning from a relatively adequate visual representation. Copying can provide evidence about perception, but line-by-line copying alone does not demonstrate normal integration.^[ref]

A cognitive neuroscientist investigates how the nervous system supports cognition, including memory retention, attention and perception. Combining behavioral measurements with recordings or perturbations helps distinguish association from a causal contribution.

A cryptochrome is a member of a light-sensitive protein family involved in biological timing and development. In plants, blue-light perception by cryptochromes contributes to responses including growth regulation and entrainment of the circadian clock.

A light input that resets the circadian clock can change the timing of a later response even after illumination ends. This distinguishes a clock-mediated effect from a response that simply follows the current light level; photoperiodism can depend on both.

Felix A. Wichmann studied psychophysics and estimation of psychometric functions. Work on fitting, sampling and model checking connects sensory thresholds to the uncertainty of the data used to estimate them. Comparing plausible FITs and their sampling behavior is important before attributing a small threshold difference to a change in perception. ^[ref]

Movement produced by a fetus, detectable through maternal perception or observation. The first subjective perception is quickening; perception and a direct measurement of movement are different kinds of evidence.

Integrated perception of food-related sensory information, including gustation, retronasal olfaction and oral somatosensory inputs. A unitary flavor or a mouth-localized experience does not uniquely identify the receptor system supplying each component.

George Sperling investigated the amount and duration of information available after a brief visual presentation. His 1960 experiments used partial report paradigms to separate limits on what observers could report from limits on the information initially available.^[ref]

The key intervention selected only part of a symbol display for report, including conditions with instructions after the display. If the selected subset can be reported better than an exhaustive response would suggest, whole-report performance alone has underestimated accessible information. Delaying the cue then adds a temporal question: what remains available by the time selection is requested?^[ref]

This connects perception, attention and sensory memory while giving them distinct experimental roles. A report is a behavioural output, and its limitations need not map one-to-one onto the observer's original visual experience. Sperling's methodological contribution was to make that ambiguity experimentally tractable rather than settle it by asking only for an introspective description.

Author-hosted research archive: sites.socsci.uci.edu/~whipl/staff/sperling/sperling.html .

Perception of object properties through touch and exploratory action, often combining cutaneous and proprioceptive information. Active exploration changes which information becomes available.

A muscular pump supporting blood circulation. Electrical activity, mechanical contraction and perception of heartbeat-related signals are distinguishable measurements.

Perception or estimation of one's heartbeat. A mental tracking score can depend on timing, beliefs about ordinary heart rate and response strategy as well as sensitivity to actual cardiac signals; such a score is not automatically a pure measure of interoceptive accuracy.^[ref]

A rule converting image properties into acoustic features. One column-scanning example assigns vertical row to $f_i$, horizontal column to scan time, and brightness to amplitude $A(I_{ij})$, yielding $s_j(t)={\sum }_{i}A(I_{ij})\sin (2\pi f_{i}t+{\varphi }_i)$. Distinct orthogonal tones can preserve column coefficients in ideal conditions, while finite windows, masking and limited hearing resolution constrain perception.

Processing of information about the body's internal state. Objective physiology, perception of that physiology and interpretation of its consequences are different variables.

A researcher who coauthored prolonged colored-filter exposure experiments on adult color perception. Persistence of shifted color judgments after exposure supplied evidence for adaptation beyond the immediate optical change.^[ref]

Juno Kim studied the perception of surface gloss. Manipulating whether highlights agree with surface shading tests whether brightness statistics alone explain appearance. A visually plausible highlight can provide information about material, whereas a similarly bright patch in an incongruent location can have a different perceptual interpretation. ^[ref]

A compound with NMDA-receptor antagonist actions among other effects, used in some experiments to perturb learning and perception. A transient pharmacological model does not reproduce an entire psychiatric disorder.

Accounts in which language influences aspects of cognition or perception. A task-specific effect of verbal resources is weaker than a claim that language is necessary for the existence of a sensory experience.

Perception of what objects are made of and their properties, including gloss, translucency, roughness and mechanical behavior. It depends on illumination, geometry, viewpoint and task as well as the material itself.

A mental state is a condition attributed to a cognitive system, such as a belief, desire, intention, perception or feeling. Experimental psychology studies such states through operational measures and predictions about behavior. Two people can see the same event yet hold different beliefs because they have different prior information. Distinguishing the state itself from the evidence used to infer it is central to studying social cognition. ^[ref]

A set of co-occurring organisms sharing a mimetic signal. Membership should be tested against the relevant receiver’s perception and behaviour rather than human resemblance alone.