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If the spatially integrated Lagrangian changes by $dB[\Phi ]/dt$, where $B$ depends on fields and their spatial derivatives but not velocities, the canonical momentum components change by ${\pi }_a\mapsto {\pi }_a+\delta B/\delta {\Phi }_a$. This follows by varying $dB/dt$ and using spatial integration by parts. The canonical one-form changes by the exact variation $\delta B$, so the symplectic form and canonical commutation relations are preserved. For the two Feynman gauge Maxwell densities, $B=\int A_0{\partial }_i{A}_i{d}^{3}x$ gives shifts $\Delta {\pi }^0={\partial }_i{A}_i$ and $\Delta {\pi }^i=-{\partial }_i{A}_0$. Boundary flux must vanish for this spatial functional calculation.

For the cotangent bundle projection $\pi :T^{\ast }X\to X$, the canonical differential one-form is ${\lambda }_{(x,\xi )}(v)=\xi (d\pi (v))$. In coordinates it is ${\sum }_j{\xi }_{j}d{x}_j$. The canonical symplectic form is $-d\lambda$ in the position-first convention ${\sum }_{j}d{x}_j\wedge d{\xi }_j$.

For a hypersurface $N$ of a symplectic manifold, the restriction of the symplectic form has a one-dimensional kernel, its characteristic line field. On a regular value level $N=H^{-1}(c)$, this line is generated by the Hamiltonian vector field of $H$.

Two compact connected symplectic surfaces are symplectomorphic exactly when their genus of a surface and symplectic area agree. The sufficiency follows from Moser theorem applied to a positive interpolation of their symplectic forms after an orientation-preserving diffeomorphism.

A nondegenerate Poisson bivector inverts to a closed differential form of degree two. Differentiating $S=P^{-1}$ gives ${\partial }_{d}S=-S({\partial }_{d}P)S$. Contracting the coordinate Jacobi condition for a Poisson bivector with three copies of $S$ yields ${\partial }_i{S}_{jk}+{\partial }_j{S}_{ki}+{\partial }_k{S}_{ij}=0$, which is precisely closure of the resulting symplectic form. An overall sign in the inverse convention does not change closure.

A compatible triple consists of a symplectic form, a compatible almost complex structure, and the Riemannian metric $g(u,v)=\omega (u,Jv)$. Equivalently $g(Ju,v)=\omega (u,v)$.

On the real Klein-Gordon field solution space with conserved symplectic form $\Omega$, a compatible real-linear map $J$ obeys $J^2=-I$, preserves $\Omega$, and makes $\mu (f,g)=\Omega (f,Jg)$ positive definite. Its $+i$ eigenspace in the complexified space has positive Klein-Gordon inner product with the convention $(u,v{)}_{KG}=i\Omega (\bar{u},v)$. It defines the one-particle Hilbert space and a free-field Fock vacuum.

For a contact form on a $(2r+1)$-manifold, $d\alpha {|}_{\ker \alpha }$ is nondegenerate: the contact condition says its top exterior power is nowhere zero on the hyperplanes. This fiberwise symplectic form identifies contact-plane vectors with covectors on that plane and determines the horizontal generator of contact stability.

Every cotangent bundle $T^{\ast }M$ is an orientable smooth manifold even when its base is not. The intrinsic canonical one-form on a cotangent bundle ${\lambda }_{(p,\alpha )}(W)=\alpha (d\pi W)$ has $d\lambda ={\sum }_{i}d{a}_i\wedge d{x}^i$. Its $n$th wedge power is the nowhere-zero form $n!d{a}_1\wedge d{x}^1\wedge \cdots \wedge d{a}_n\wedge d{x}^n$, which defines an orientation of the $2n$-dimensional total space. Using $-d\lambda$ gives another standard sign convention; either is a symplectic form.

The vertical Liouville vector field on a cotangent bundle has complete flow $D_s(x,p)=(x,e^{s}p)$. Its pullbacks scale both the Liouville one-form and the canonical symplectic form by $e^s$. As $s\to -\infty$, each orbit tends to its base point on the zero section. This contraction proves rigidity of cotangent Liouville-form preservation.

A Darboux chart is a coordinate chart in which a symplectic form becomes the standard symplectic form.

The Darboux theorem says that every point of a $2n$-dimensional symplectic manifold has local coordinates in which the symplectic form is ${\sum }_{j}d{x}_j\wedge d{y}_j$. Thus symplectic manifolds have no local invariants beyond dimension.

An exact symplectic manifold has a symplectic form that is an exact differential form, written here $\omega =-d\lambda$. A positive-dimensional example without boundary cannot be compact, by the Generalized Stokes theorem applied to the top wedge product of differential forms.

In a product symplectic manifold $S^2(a)\times T^{2n-2}$, every compatible almost complex structure admits a J-holomorphic sphere in class $F$ through each point. Here $S^2(a)$ has area $a$, and the torus carries a constant symplectic form. All spherical classes are integer multiples of $F$, so a curve in class $F$ cannot split into positive-area nonconstant spheres. For the product complex structure the fibre through a point is unique and regular. Its one-point count modulo two is one; generic transversality and the compact one-dimensional parameterized moduli spaces preserve this count. Approximation and Gromov compactness for spheres remove the genericity requirement. This gives the area-$a$ curve used in the proof of the Gromov non-squeezing theorem.

On $K^4$, use the standard basis $\mathcal{U}=(u_1,u_2,u_3,u_4)$ and the alternating bilinear form with matrix $J$ above for $n=2$. A second symplectic basis isFor instance, $\omega (f_1,f_2)=1-1=0$, while $\omega (e_1,f_1)=\omega (e_2,f_2)=1$ and the cross-pairings vanish. The change of basis matrix, whose columns are these new basis vectors in $\mathcal{U}$, isThe symmetric matrix $C$ makes $S^{T}JS=J$, so $S$ is a symplectic matrix. Explicitly, multiplying the blocks gives a lower-right block $C^T-C=0$; the other blocks agree with $J$. For a fixed vector, change of basis means $[v{]}_{\mathcal{U}}=S[v{]}_{\mathcal{B}}$, henceTheir symplectic form gives $3\cdot 0+2\cdot 1-1\cdot 1-1\cdot 0=1$ in $\mathcal{U}$, and $1\cdot 0+1\cdot 1-1\cdot 0-1\cdot 0=1$ in $\mathcal{B}$. The separate coordinate-plane contributions change, but their sum does not.

The same matrix also represents an active symplectic linear map: keeping one basis fixed, it sends $(q,p)$ to $(q+Cp,p)$. The following diagram shows this active interpretation over the real numbers. Its preserved total pairing is precisely the test used for linear canonical transformations.

Geometric quantization associates quantum states and observables with a symplectic manifold. A first step uses a complex line bundle with a connection on a vector bundle whose curvature is proportional to the symplectic form divided by $\hslash$; its existence imposes an integrality condition. A real polarization is an integrable half-dimensional distribution with Lagrangian submanifolds as leaves. Requiring sections to be covariantly constant along the leaves reduces the variables to a configuration-space description. Restricting the curvature to a Lagrangian leaf gives zero, permitting local flat sections; global sections can require trivial holonomy. Exact Lagrangian graphs also describe local semiclassical phases through their generating functions.

For a smooth nonconstant holomorphic disk $h$ in ${\mathbb{C}}^n$ with boundary on a Lagrangian submanifold $L$, its symplectic area is ${\int }_{D^2}|{\partial }_{s}h{|}^{2}dsdt>0$. The Cauchy-Riemann equations give ${\partial }_{t}h=J{\partial }_{s}h$, so this is the pullback of the standard symplectic form. The Stokes theorem identifies the area with the period of a primitive along the boundary loop. Thus the Liouville class of a Lagrangian submanifold evaluates nontrivially on this loop and cannot vanish.

A foliation of a symplectic manifold is Lagrangian when every leaf has half the ambient dimension and the restricted symplectic form vanishes. The tangent distribution is a real polarization in geometric quantization. Restricted prequantum connections are flat on individual leaves, but nontrivial holonomy can obstruct global parallel sections.

The graph of a one-form $\alpha$ on a smooth manifold $Q$ is a Lagrangian submanifold of its cotangent bundle exactly when $d\alpha =0$. Indeed the graph pulls the tautological one-form back to $\alpha$, and therefore pulls the canonical symplectic form back to $-d\alpha$. Locally the Poincaré lemma writes $\alpha =dS$, giving $p_i={\partial }_{i}S$. Globally a closed one-form may have nonzero periods and no single generating function.

A leaf of a Lagrangian foliation is an immersed Lagrangian submanifold tangent to its integrable distribution. A prequantum line bundle restricts to a flat connection along such a leaf, because its curvature is proportional to the symplectic form. Nonzero global parallel sections require trivial holonomy along every leaf loop.