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For a fixed pants decomposition, the positive cuff lengths and real twist parameters give coordinates on Teichmüller space. With twists measured in length units, a full Dehn twist changes ${\tau }_i$ by ${\ell }_i$; with angle units it changes the twist by $2\pi$.

A space parametrizing isomorphism classes of geometric objects. Its topology and possible stabilizers are part of the definition; a moduli space of Riemann surfaces forgets the marking retained by Teichmüller space.

The moduli space of unmarked compact genus-$g$ Riemann surfaces. For $g\ge 2$ it is the quotient ${\mathcal{T}}_g/\mathrm{Mod}(S_g)$ of Teichmüller space by the mapping class group, with its quotient topology. The thick subsets are compact by Mumford's compactness theorem.

For fixed $g\ge 2$, Mumford's compactness theorem states thatHere ${\mathcal{M}}_g$ is the unmarked moduli space of Riemann surfaces, with its usual topology, and the hyperbolic systole is the shortest nonconstant closed hyperbolic geodesic, in Gaussian curvature $-1$. Equivalently, a subset of ${\mathcal{M}}_g$ is relatively compact exactly when its hyperbolic systoles have a common positive lower bound.

We use two standard structural results. The Bers pants decomposition theorem provides a constant $B_g$ such that every closed genus-$g$ hyperbolic surface has a pants decomposition with all $3g-3$ cuff lengths at most $B_g$. For a fixed topological pants decomposition, the Fenchel–Nielsen coordinates identify Teichmüller space withThe length coordinates are ${\ell }_i$, and the twist coordinates ${\tau }_i$ are measured in length units: a full Dehn twist changes ${\tau }_i$ by ${\ell }_i$. Reconstruction from these coordinates is continuous; locally the marked metrics can be chosen to vary smoothly on a fixed reference surface, and the quotient by the mapping class group is the Hausdorff moduli space of Riemann surfaces.

Take any sequence in ${\mathcal{M}}_g^{\epsilon }$. The pants decompositions supplied by the Bers pants decomposition theorem have cuff lengths in $[\epsilon ,B_g]$. There are finitely many topological types of pants decomposition: their dual graphs have $2g-2$ vertices and $3g-3$ edges, with loops and multiple edges allowed, giving finitely many finite graphs. Choose a subsequence of one type, and choose markings carrying each decomposition to a fixed reference one. Compose these markings with Dehn twists so that $0\le {\tau }_i\le {\ell }_i$. The resulting points of Teichmüller space lie in the compact boxThey therefore have a convergent subsequence inside Teichmüller space; its continuous projection gives a convergent subsequence in the moduli space of Riemann surfaces. If $\epsilon >B_g$ the thick set is empty, which is already compact. Equivalently, using all the finitely many reference decompositions gives a finite union of compact projected boxes containing the whole thick set.

Finally the hyperbolic systole is continuous. Nearby marked hyperbolic surfaces admit metric comparisons with bi-Lipschitz distortion tending to one; the length of every loop, and hence the infimum over all essential loops, obeys the same multiplicative comparison. Therefore ${\mathcal{M}}_g^{\epsilon }$ is closed in that compact union and is compact. A compact subset has a positive minimum hyperbolic systole, proving the converse characterization of relative compactness. This theorem concerns the unmarked quotient: repeated Dehn twists can give an unbounded sequence in Teichmüller space while leaving the underlying surface and its hyperbolic systole unchanged.