The term "millieme" refers to a fractional currency unit that is used in some countries, particularly in the Arab world and parts of the Ottoman Empire's legacy. A millieme is typically 1/1000 of a dinar or other primary currency unit, although the specific relationship can vary by country. For example, in Iraq, the millieme was historically used as a subdivision of the dinar.

Large numbers are often named using a system that builds upon powers of ten. Here are some names for various large numbers, primarily based on the short scale, which is more commonly used in the United States and modern English-speaking countries: 1. **Thousand**: \(10^3\) (1,000) 2. **Million**: \(10^6\) (1,000,000) 3.

A googolplex is a very large number defined as \(10^{\text{googol}}\), where a googol is equal to \(10^{100}\). In other words, a googolplex is \(10^{10^{100}}\).

An ideal number is a concept that appears in various mathematical contexts, but it is perhaps most commonly associated with the field of algebraic number theory, where it is linked to the notion of ideals in ring theory. In ring theory, an *ideal* is a special subset of a ring that has certain properties, making it a useful structure for generalizing concepts such as divisibility. An ideal allows for the definition of quotient rings, which are fundamental in many areas of mathematics.

Argentina primarily uses the metric system as its standard system of measurement.

Indian logicians refer to scholars and philosophers from India who have contributed to the field of logic, particularly in the ancient and medieval periods. Indian logic has a rich tradition that is distinct from Western logic and has developed through a variety of philosophical schools, particularly within the broader context of Indian philosophy.

Navya-Nyāya, often referred to simply as Nyāya, is a school of Indian philosophy that emerged in the later part of the Indian philosophical tradition, around the 14th to 16th centuries. It builds upon and refines the earlier Nyāya system, which is primarily known for its focus on logic, epistemology (the study of knowledge), and the process of reasoning. **Key Features of Navya-Nyāya:** 1.

A quadratic form is a specific type of polynomial expression that involves variables raised to the second power, usually in the context of multiple variables.

Fringe physics refers to theories, ideas, and research that exist outside of mainstream scientific consensus and often lack empirical support or rigorous validation. This domain includes speculative concepts that may challenge established scientific principles or explore phenomena that are not fully understood by current scientific frameworks. Examples of fringe physics include theories related to free energy devices, perpetual motion machines, and various forms of alternative physics that propose new interpretations of fundamental concepts like gravity, time, and space.

The Antarctic Benthic Deep-Sea Biodiversity Project (ABDDBP) aims to gather comprehensive data on the biodiversity, distribution, and ecological functions of benthic (seafloor) organisms in the deep-sea regions of Antarctica. The project is part of larger efforts to understand marine ecosystems, particularly in extreme environments like the Southern Ocean.

The Corpuscular theory of light, also known as the particle theory of light, is a concept in the history of physics that proposes that light is made up of small discrete particles called "corpuscles." This theory was notably advanced by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century. According to the corpuscular theory: 1. **Nature of Light**: Light consists of tiny particles that travel in straight lines. These particles are emitted by a light source and can interact with matter.

In the context of Newtonian mechanics, a "dark star" refers to a hypothetical astronomical object, often theorized in the realm of astrophysics, that has an extremely high mass and density, such that its gravitational pull is so strong that even light cannot escape from it. The concept is similar to black holes in general relativity, but it was proposed before the full understanding of black holes was developed.

Emission theory, in the context of vision, is an ancient and historical hypothesis about how we perceive visual images. This theory, which dates back to philosophers like Plato and Euclid, posits that vision occurs because the eyes emit light or some form of rays that interact with objects in the environment. According to this view, when these rays come into contact with an object, they allow us to see it by reflecting back into the eyes.

The Fluid Theory of Electricity is an analytical framework that likens electrical phenomena to fluid flow, using the principles of fluid dynamics to help understand the behavior of electric charge and current in conductive materials. The analogy draws comparisons between currents of electricity and flows of fluids, which can help conceptualize certain aspects of electrical behavior. ### Key Concepts of Fluid Theory as Applied to Electricity: 1. **Charge as Fluid**: Electric charge is viewed as a fluid that can flow through conductors.

The Toroidal ring model, often referred to in contexts like physics, chemistry, or materials science, typically describes a system where particles or entities are arranged in a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) structure. This model can be applied to various fields, each with its unique implications.

Chemical oceanography is a branch of oceanography that focuses on the chemical composition and processes of seawater and how these interact with marine organisms, the atmosphere, and geological processes. It involves the study of a wide range of chemical substances found in the ocean, including: 1. **Salinity and Major Ions**: The concentrations of major ions (such as sodium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, and calcium) that determine the salinity of seawater.

Oceanographers are scientists who study the ocean and its various components, including the physical, chemical, biological, and geological aspects of ocean systems. Their research encompasses a wide range of topics, such as ocean currents, marine ecosystems, oceanic climate patterns, and the interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.

Oceanographic time-series refer to long-term datasets that monitor and record various oceanographic parameters over time. These datasets typically include measurements of physical, chemical, biological, and geological properties of the ocean. The aim is to understand changes, trends, and dynamics within marine and coastal environments. Key aspects of oceanographic time-series include: 1. **Parameters Measured**: Commonly measured variables include temperature, salinity, ocean currents, nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll levels, and microbial abundance.

Oceanography journals are academic publications that focus on the study of oceanography, which encompasses various aspects of the oceans, including their physical, chemical, biological, and geological properties. These journals typically publish original research articles, review papers, and sometimes technical notes related to ocean processes, marine ecosystems, ocean circulation, climate change, and other topics relevant to the science of the oceans.