Isaac Newton (1642–1727) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time. He made significant contributions to various fields, including: 1. **Mathematics**: Newton is one of the founders of calculus, a branch of mathematics that deals with rates of change and the accumulation of quantities.
"Americana" generally refers to artifacts, traditions, and cultural elements that are characteristic of the United States, encompassing its history, folklore, and popular culture.
"World Egg" can refer to various concepts depending on the context. In mythological and philosophical contexts, it often refers to a cosmic egg that symbolizes the beginning of the universe or creation. For instance, in several creation myths, the universe is said to have originated from a cosmic egg, which embodies potential and the universe's formative elements. In a broader cultural context, it might represent concepts of birth, potential, and the interconnectedness of life.
A cube attack is a cryptographic attack primarily used against symmetric key ciphers, specifically those that use block ciphers. It was introduced by researchers to exploit certain properties of the S-boxes (substitution boxes) used in cryptographic algorithms. ### Key Concepts of Cube Attack: 1. **Cube Polynomial Representations**: - Every function, including cryptographic functions, can be expressed as a polynomial over a finite field.
"A.I. Rising" is a science fiction film released in 2018, directed by Lazar Bodrozic. The movie is set in a future where humanity has developed advanced artificial intelligence and explores the complexities of human-A.I. relationships. The story revolves around a space mission where a human astronaut forms a bond with a humanoid A.I. named KIKI, who is designed to serve and assist the crew.
A coframe refers to a mathematical construct in differential geometry and is often used in the context of differentiable manifolds. Specifically, a coframe is a set of differential one-forms that provide a dual basis to a frame, which is a set of tangent vectors. Here's a more detailed breakdown: 1. **Frame**: Given a manifold, a frame at a point is essentially a set of linearly independent tangent vectors that span the tangent space at that point.
Libration is a phenomenon observed in celestial mechanics, particularly in the context of the Moon's orbit around the Earth. It refers to the oscillating motion that allows us to see slightly more than half of the Moon's surface from Earth over time. This effect occurs due to the Moon's elliptical orbit and its axial tilt. There are two primary types of libration: 1. **Libration in Longitude**: This occurs because the Moon's orbital speed varies as it travels along its elliptical path.
Raoult's law is a principle in chemistry that relates to the vapor pressure of components in a solution. Specifically, it states that the partial vapor pressure of each component in an ideal solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction in the solution. In simpler terms, it means that the more of a particular component there is in a solution, the greater its contribution to the total vapor pressure of the solution.
Pullip is a type of doll that originated in South Korea. It was first introduced by the company Cheonsang Cheonha in 2003. Pullip dolls are characterized by their large heads, expressive eyes, and the ability to change eyes and make various facial expressions. They are typically made of plastic and have articulated bodies, allowing for a wide range of poses. Each Pullip doll has a unique design, often inspired by various themes such as fashion, fantasy, or anime.
Interatomic potential refers to the energy associated with interactions between atoms in a material. It describes how atoms in a substance affect one another through various types of forces, such as ionic, covalent, and van der Waals interactions. These potentials are crucial in computational physics and chemistry, as they allow researchers to model and predict the behavior of materials at the atomic level.
The Knudsen force refers to a phenomenon observed in systems where gas flows through a porous medium or around particles, particularly when the mean free path of the gas molecules is comparable to or larger than the characteristic dimensions of the flow obstacles, such as pores or particles. This condition is often encountered in micro- or nanoscale systems, where conventional fluid dynamics equations may not be sufficient to describe the behavior of the gas.
A **compact semigroup** is a mathematical structure that arises in the field of functional analysis and dynamical systems. To understand what a compact semigroup is, it's important to break down the concepts involved: 1. **Semigroup**: A semigroup is a set equipped with an associative binary operation.
Division by zero is an undefined operation in mathematics. To understand why, it's helpful to consider what division means. Division can be thought of as determining how many times one number (the divisor) fits into another number (the dividend). For example, if you divide 10 by 2, you are asking how many times 2 fits into 10, which is 5. However, when you try to divide any number by zero (e.g.
Metafont is a font definition language and a system developed by Donald Knuth as part of his TeX typesetting system. Introduced in the late 1970s, Metafont is primarily used to define and create bitmap fonts based on mathematical equations and descriptions. Unlike traditional font design, where fonts are typically created using graphical design tools, Metafont allows designers to specify a font's characteristics through a programming-like syntax.
An X-ray machine is a medical imaging device that utilizes X-rays to create images of the inside of the body. X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light but with much higher energy. The machine operates by directing X-ray beams towards the body, and as the rays pass through, they are absorbed in varying degrees by different tissues based on their density.
Ciro's Edict #5 Skip ID extraction and rendering based on database timestamps by 
Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli 40 Updated 2025-07-16This means while developing a website locally with the OurBigBook CLI, if you have a bunch of files with an error in one of them, your first run will run slowly until the error:but further runs will blast through the files that worked, skipping all files that have sucessfully converted:so you can fix file by file and move on quickly.
extract_ids README.ciro
extract_ids README.ciro finished in 73.82836899906397 ms
extract_ids art.ciro
extract_ids art.ciro finished in 671.1738419979811 ms
extract_ids ciro-santilli.ciro
extract_ids ciro-santilli.ciro finished in 1009.6256089992821 ms
extract_ids science.ciro
error: science.ciro:13686:1: named argument "parent" given multiple times
extract_ids science.ciro finished in 1649.6193730011582 msextract_ids README.ciro
extract_ids README.ciro skipped by timestamp
extract_ids art.ciro
extract_ids art.ciro skipped by timestamp
extract_ids ciro-santilli.ciro
extract_ids ciro-santilli.ciro skipped by timestamp
extract_ids science.ciroMore details at: cirosantilli.com/ourbigbook#no-render-timestamp
This was not fully trivial to implement because we had to rework how duplicate IDs are checked. Previously, we just nuked the DB every time on a directory conversion, and then repopulated everything. If a duplicated showed up on a file, it was a duplicate.
But now that we are not necessarily extracing IDs from every file, we can't just nuke the database anymore, otherwise we'd lose the information. Therefore, what we have to do is to convert every file, and only at the end check the duplicates.
Managed to do that with a single query as documented at: stackoverflow.com/questions/71235548/how-to-find-all-rows-that-have-certain-columns-duplicated-in-sequelize/71235550#71235550
LOGCFL is a complexity class that stands for "Logarithmic Space Context-Free Languages." It is a subclass of context-free languages that can be recognized by a deterministic pushdown automaton operating in logarithmic space. More formally, a language is in LOGCFL if it can be decided by a deterministic Turing machine that uses logarithmic space and is able to make use of a stack, like a pushdown automaton.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 4. Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation.
Figure 5. Web editor. You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.Video 4. OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo. Source. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact