An entoptic phenomenon refers to visual effects that originate from within the eye itself, rather than from external visual stimuli. These phenomena typically arise from the structures of the eye, such as the retina or the vitreous humor, and can manifest as various visual sensations or disturbances.

Lens flare is a phenomenon that occurs when a bright light source, such as the sun or a strong artificial light, hits the lens of a camera or optical device. This can result in unwanted artifacts, such as bright spots, halos, or streaks of light, appearing in the image. These artifacts are caused by internal reflections within the lens elements, scattering of light, and other optical effects.

Opposition surge refers to a political phenomenon often seen in electoral systems where the opposition party or coalition experiences a significant increase in support due to dissatisfaction with the ruling party or government. This surge can occur for various reasons, including: 1. **Public Discontent**: When the electorate is unhappy with the policies or performance of the current government, opposition parties may benefit from this discontent by proposing alternative solutions and garnering more votes.

In optics, "gloss" refers to the shine or luster of a surface, which is primarily determined by how that surface reflects light. Glossy surfaces have a smooth texture that allows for specular reflection, meaning that they reflect light in a coherent direction, resulting in a shiny appearance. This is in contrast to matte surfaces, which have a rougher texture that scatters light in many directions, leading to a dull appearance.

Fiction about black holes often explores themes of science, philosophical inquiry, and the unknown. Here are some common aspects and examples found in various forms of media: 1. **Science Fiction Novels and Stories**: - *Interstellar* (film) and the accompanying novelization by Kip Thorne, delve into the concept of black holes as wormholes for space travel and explore the relativity of time. - In Arthur C.

A conservative force is a type of force in physics that has the property that the work done by the force on an object moving from one point to another is independent of the path taken between the points. Instead, the work done depends only on the initial and final positions of the object. This means that if the object returns to its original position, the total work done by a conservative force over that closed path is zero.

The Black Hole Initiative (BHI) is a research project based at Harvard University, aimed at comprehensively studying black holes across various disciplines. It brings together scientists from different fields, including astrophysics, theoretical physics, and astronomy, to explore the fundamental nature and properties of black holes. The initiative seeks to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and to address key questions about black holes, such as their formation, evolution, and their role in the universe.

Black hole cosmology is a theoretical framework that explores the relationship between black holes and the overall structure and evolution of the universe. This field of study investigates various aspects of cosmology—including the origin and fate of the universe—through the lens of black hole physics. Some of the key concepts and ideas in black hole cosmology include: 1. **Black Holes as Cosmic Structures**: Black holes can play a significant role in the formation of galaxies and large-scale structures in the universe.

A dynamical horizon is a concept that arises in the context of general relativity and black hole physics. It refers to a type of boundary in spacetime that can change or evolve over time, differentiating it from a static or fixed horizon. In particular, it is often associated with the event horizons of black holes, especially in situations where the mass of the black hole can change, such as during the process of accretion or after mergers with other black holes.

Fuzzball is a concept within string theory, specifically in the context of understanding black holes and the nature of their information content. The term "fuzzball" is typically associated with the work of various researchers, particularly Samir Mathur and collaborators, who proposed that black holes in string theory may not be the singular, compact objects that are often depicted in classical physics.

A Gravastar, or "gravitational vacuum star," is a theoretical astrophysical object proposed as an alternative to black holes. The concept was introduced by physicist Pawel Mazur and Wojciech Zurek in the early 2000s. Gravastars are thought to be composed of a "vacuum" or "negative energy" state surrounded by a shell of exotic matter, which might be able to resist gravitational collapse.

The Kerr metric is a solution to the Einstein field equations of general relativity that describes the geometry of spacetime around a rotating, uncharged black hole. It generalizes the earlier Schwarzschild solution, which describes a non-rotating black hole. The Kerr metric accounts for the effects of angular momentum and can describe the rotation of the black hole as well as the gravitational fields that result from it.

A "list of black holes" generally refers to a catalog or compilation of known black holes, categorized by factors such as their mass, type, location, and the methods used to discover them. Black holes are typically classified into several categories: 1. **Stellar Black Holes**: Formed from the gravitational collapse of massive stars. Examples include: - V616 Monocerotis (A0620-00) - Cygnus X-1 2.

The term "non-expanding horizon" typically refers to a concept in various fields such as economics, decision-making, and optimization, particularly in the context of time and strategic planning. Here’s a general overview of what it means: 1. **Definition**: In decision-making contexts, a non-expanding horizon is a situation where the timeframe for making decisions does not extend or increase as time progresses. In other words, when making decisions, the planner considers only a fixed time period.

The Morison equation is a mathematical model used in engineering, particularly in the fields of civil and ocean engineering, to estimate the wave forces on structures such as offshore oil platforms, wind turbines, and coastal structures. It accounts for both the inertia and drag forces acting on a structure submerged in a fluid, such as water.

Paratenonitis is an inflammatory condition that affects the paratenon, which is a sheath surrounding a tendon. This condition is often associated with overuse or repetitive strain injuries, commonly seen in athletes or individuals who engage in activities that require repetitive motions. Symptoms of paratenonitis may include localized pain, swelling, and tenderness along the tendon, particularly during movement. It can occur in various tendons in the body, such as those in the Achilles, patellar, or elbow regions.

A conservative vector field is a type of vector field in which the total work done by the field along a path depends only on the initial and final positions (the endpoints of the path) and not on the specific path taken. In other words, if you move from point A to point B in a conservative vector field, the work done is the same regardless of the trajectory taken between these two points.

A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to create a vacuum — a space with significantly lower pressure than the surrounding atmosphere. These pumps are essential in a variety of applications across different industries, including scientific research, manufacturing, and medical technology. ### Types of Vacuum Pumps 1. **Positive Displacement Pumps**: These work by trapping a volume of gas and then reducing it either by mechanical means or through an expanding gas volume.

The Italian ship Alliance refers to a collaboration or partnership between various Italian shipping companies or organizations that may work together in areas such as logistics, shipping operations, maritime services, or environmental initiatives. One of the most recognized examples involving Italian shipping is the **Alliance**, which is a shipping alliance in the container shipping industry that includes major global players. This type of alliance allows shipping lines to share resources, reduce costs, and improve efficiencies.

NOAAS Chapman (R/V Chapman) is a research vessel operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the United States. It is named after Edward A. Chapman, an important figure in oceanographic research. The Chapman is typically used for a variety of oceanographic and environmental research missions, including studies of marine ecosystems, fisheries, and the impact of climate change on ocean environments.