Access level refers to the degree or extent of permission granted to users or systems to interact with specific resources, data, or functionalities within a system, application, or environment. Access levels are commonly used in information security, database management, and software development to control who can view, modify, or manage particular information or resources. ### Types of Access Levels: 1. **Read-Only Access**: Users can view data or resources but cannot make any changes.

Adrozek is a type of malware that was identified as part of a broader campaign targeting Windows users. It is primarily classified as a form of browser hijacker and is known for its ability to modify users' web browsers and mislead them into clicking on ads, which can generate revenue for the attackers. The malware often spreads through malicious downloads, fake software updates, or compromised websites.

The Air India data breach refers to a significant security incident that occurred in early 2021, affecting personal data of customers who made bookings through the airline's website and mobile app. The breach was attributed to a cyberattack on a third-party vendor, SITA (Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques), which manages the Aeronautical Message Handling System for the airline.

Aptum Technologies is a technology company that specializes in providing IT infrastructure and cloud services. It offers a range of solutions including managed hosting, cloud computing, and network services, catering primarily to businesses looking for reliable and scalable IT resources. Aptum's services are designed to help organizations optimize their IT environments, improve performance, and manage their data securely. The company focuses on delivering customized solutions that fit the specific needs of its clients, often leveraging partnerships with leading technology providers.

Cyber Ireland is a national initiative aimed at strengthening and promoting the cybersecurity sector in Ireland. Launched in 2019, it serves as a collaborative platform for various stakeholders, including industry professionals, academic institutions, government agencies, and organizations, to work together to enhance the country's cybersecurity capabilities. The primary goals of Cyber Ireland include: 1. **Collaboration**: Bringing together businesses, research institutions, and government bodies to foster cooperation and information sharing within the cybersecurity community.

Data commingling refers to the practice of combining data from different sources, categories, or types into a single dataset. This can occur in various contexts, such as in analytics, data storage, and data management. The aim of data commingling is often to enhance data analysis, improve decision-making, or provide more comprehensive insights. However, data commingling can also raise concerns, particularly regarding data privacy, security, and compliance.

The Cyber Resilience Act is a legislative proposal by the European Commission aimed at enhancing the cybersecurity of digital products and services within the European Union. It is part of a broader initiative to ensure that cybersecurity measures are integrated into the entire lifecycle of digital products, from their design and development to their deployment and maintenance.

The term "Cyber and Information Domain Service" typically refers to services that focus on the protection, management, and optimization of cyber and information systems. While specific definitions may vary, the concept generally encompasses several key areas: 1. **Cybersecurity**: This involves protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. Services could include threat detection and mitigation, incident response, vulnerability assessments, and penetration testing.

In computing, the term "risk factor" generally refers to elements that can introduce potential threats or vulnerabilities to a system, network, application, or business operation. Understanding risk factors is essential for effective risk management and involves assessing the likelihood and impact of various risks. Key components of risk factors in computing may include: 1. **Threats**: These are potential events or actions that can harm assets, such as cyberattacks, natural disasters, or insider threats.

Deception technology is a cybersecurity strategy that involves creating a controlled environment designed to identify, detect, and analyze malicious activities within a network. The primary goal of this technology is to mislead attackers, divert them from valuable assets, and gather intelligence about their tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs).

In the context of computing, a defense strategy typically refers to a set of principles, practices, and methodologies implemented to safeguard computer systems, networks, and data from various threats and vulnerabilities. These defense strategies can be part of broader cybersecurity efforts and may address various types of risks, including malware, hacking attempts, unauthorized access, data breaches, and other malicious activities.

Digital self-defense refers to a range of strategies, practices, and tools that individuals can use to protect their personal information, privacy, and online presence from various threats, including hacking, phishing, identity theft, and online harassment. It involves being proactive about online security and understanding the potential risks associated with digital interactions. Key components of digital self-defense include: 1. **Privacy Awareness**: Understanding how personal data is collected, used, and shared by various online platforms and services.

Digital supply chain security refers to the measures and strategies employed to protect the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of information and physical goods as they move through the supply chain in a digital format. This encompasses a variety of technologies and processes required to safeguard the digital components of supply chains against various threats, such as cyberattacks, data breaches, and fraud.

An **HTTP tunnel** is a method used to encapsulate data traffic within the HTTP protocol, allowing one network service to communicate over another. It often serves as a technique to bypass firewalls or restrictive network policies by disguising non-HTTP traffic as HTTP traffic. This can be particularly useful in environments where certain protocols are blocked or restricted.

Grayshift is a company that specializes in digital forensics, particularly in supplying tools for law enforcement agencies to unlock and access data on mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, that use iOS and Android operating systems. Their flagship product, GrayKey, is a device that allows investigators to bypass security features, such as passcodes and biometrics, to recover data from locked devices, which can be crucial in criminal investigations.

Highly Evasive Adaptive Threat (HEAT) refers to a category of cyber threats that exhibit sophisticated behaviors to avoid detection and mitigation by security systems. These threats are characterized by their ability to adapt and change tactics frequently, often leveraging advanced techniques to bypass traditional security measures. Key characteristics of HEAT include: 1. **Evasion Techniques**: HEAT can employ various methods to evade detection, such as using encryption, obfuscation, polymorphic code, or exploiting zero-day vulnerabilities.

Homeland Open Security Technology (HOST) is a term that generally refers to initiatives, tools, and approaches that are focused on enhancing security and safety within a nation’s borders through the use of open technology and collaborative strategies. The concept often encompasses the development and implementation of technology solutions that aim to improve homeland security, public safety, and emergency response capabilities.

Indirect Branch Tracking (IBT) is a security feature designed to enhance the protection of applications against control flow hijacking attacks, such as Return-Oriented Programming (ROP) and Jump-Oriented Programming (JOP). These attacks aim to exploit vulnerabilities in software (like buffer overflows or code injection) to redirect the execution flow of programs to malicious code.

Model-driven security (MDS) is an approach to security that leverages modeling techniques to specify, design, and analyze security policies and systems. The fundamental idea is to use formal models to represent security requirements and constraints, allowing for better understanding, communication, and validation of security aspects in software and systems. Key aspects of model-driven security include: 1. **Abstraction**: MDS allows for abstraction of complex security concepts into manageable models.

The National Collegiate Cyber Defense Competition (NCCDC) is an annual collegiate competition in the United States that focuses on cybersecurity and cyber defense skills. It provides an opportunity for college and university students to demonstrate their knowledge and abilities in defending networks and systems against real-world cyber threats. In the competition, teams from various institutions are tasked with maintaining the operations of a simulated business environment while defending it from a team of red team attackers who simulate real-world cyber threats.