Shahram Amiri was an Iranian nuclear scientist who became widely known after he defected to the United States in 2009. He was involved in Iran's nuclear program and had access to sensitive information regarding Iran's nuclear activities. Amiri's defection received significant attention, as it was part of broader concerns over Iran's nuclear ambitions. Amiri later returned to Iran in 2010 under controversial circumstances.

Wolfram Mathematica is a computational software system developed by Wolfram Research. It is widely used for symbolic computation, numerical calculation, data visualization, and programming. Mathematica provides a versatile environment for various scientific, engineering, mathematical, and educational applications. Key features of Wolfram Mathematica include: 1. **Symbolic Computation**: Mathematica can manipulate mathematical expressions in symbolic form, allowing for algebraic simplifications, differentiation, integration, and solving equations.

Dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems in a recursive manner. It is particularly useful for optimization problems where the solution can be constructed from solutions to smaller instances of the same problem. The key idea behind dynamic programming is to store the results of subproblems to avoid redundant computations, a technique known as "memoization.

The level-set method is a numerical technique used for tracking phase boundaries and interfaces in various fields, such as fluid dynamics, image processing, and computer vision. It was developed by Stanley Osher and James A. Sethian in 1988. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Level Set Function**: At its core, the level-set method represents a shape or interface implicitly as the zero contour of a higher-dimensional scalar function, known as the level-set function.

The Rosenbrock methods are a family of numerical techniques used for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and are particularly well-suited for stiff problems. They are named after Howard H. Rosenbrock, who developed them in the context of numerical analysis. ### Key Features of Rosenbrock Methods: 1. **Semi-implicit Scheme**: The Rosenbrock methods are semi-implicit in nature, meaning they combine explicit and implicit steps.

PSeven is a software platform developed by a company called PSeven Solutions, known for its capabilities in data analysis, simulation, and optimization. It is specifically designed to help engineers, researchers, and analysts streamline their workflows by integrating various tools and processes involved in data-driven decision-making. Key features of PSeven typically include: 1. **Data Management**: PSeven can handle large datasets and automate data collection and storage, making it easier for users to manage their data.

Robust fuzzy programming is a type of optimization approach that incorporates both fuzzy logic and robustness into decision-making processes, particularly in the face of uncertainty. It combines the principles of fuzzy set theory—in which uncertainty and imprecision are modeled linguistically—and robust optimization, which focuses on finding solutions that remain effective under a variety of uncertain future scenarios.

The Quadratic Knapsack Problem (QKP) is an extension of the classic Knapsack Problem, which is a well-known optimization problem in combinatorial optimization. While the standard Knapsack Problem involves selecting items with given weights and values to maximize the total value without exceeding a weight capacity, the Quadratic Knapsack Problem adds an additional layer of complexity by considering the interactions between the items.

Glob, short for "global," refers to a pattern matching technique used in programming and scripting to match file names or paths based on wildcard characters. It is commonly used in Unix-like operating systems and various programming languages for tasks such as file manipulation and retrieval. In Glob patterns, the following wildcard characters are typically utilized: - `*`: Matches zero or more characters. For example, `*.txt` matches any file with a `.txt` extension. - `?`: Matches exactly one character.

Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) is a library that provides a set of functions for implementing regular expressions with syntax and semantics that are similar to those used in the Perl programming language. The PCRE library is designed to allow developers to use regular expressions that are consistent with Perl’s powerful features and behaviors, making it easier to perform complex string matching and manipulation tasks across different programming languages and applications.

An **Applicative Functor** is a type class in functional programming that extends the capabilities of a Functor. It allows for functions that take multiple arguments to be applied inside a context (like a data structure, a computational context, or an effectful computation). The concept comes from category theory and has been adopted in languages such as Haskell, Scala, and others.

In programming, a "flag" generally refers to a variable or a specific bit that is used to indicate a condition or state within a program. Flags are commonly used in various contexts, such as: 1. **Boolean Flags**: These are typically boolean variables (true/false) that signal whether a certain condition has been met or whether a specific feature is enabled. For example, a `debug` flag may indicate if debug mode is on, which can alter the behavior of a program.

In computing, entropy refers to a measure of randomness or unpredictability of information. The term is used in several contexts, including cryptography, data compression, and information theory. Here are some specific applications of entropy in computing: 1. **Cryptography**: In cryptographic systems, entropy is critical for generating secure keys. The more unpredictable a key is, the higher its entropy and the more secure it is against attacks.

The symmetric closure of a binary relation \( R \) on a set \( A \) is a way to create a new relation that is symmetric while preserving the properties of the original relation. Specifically, a relation \( R \) is symmetric if for any elements \( a \) and \( b \) in set \( A \), if \( (a, b) \) is in \( R \), then \( (b, a) \) is also in \( R \).

The KISS principle stands for "Keep It Simple, Stupid," and it's an approach often applied in various fields, including software development, design, and problem-solving. The essence of the KISS principle is that systems and solutions should be as simple as possible, avoiding unnecessary complexity. In the context of algorithms, applying the KISS principle means designing algorithms that are straightforward, efficient, and easy to understand.

As of my last update in October 2023, "MIXMAX generator" does not refer to a widely recognized or specific tool, technology, or concept in tech or other fields. It might be a term related to a specific software, program, or system developed after my last update, or it could be a niche concept that hasn't gained broader recognition.

The Naor–Reingold pseudorandom function is a specific construct in the field of cryptography introduced by Moni Naor and Omer Reingold in their 1997 paper. It is a pseudorandom function (PRF) that is designed to produce outputs that are indistinguishable from random, given a fixed input size and a secret key, while being efficient to compute.

Xoroshiro128+ is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) that belongs to the class of Xorshift generators. It is designed for high-quality randomness and performance, making it suitable for applications such as simulations, games, and other scenarios where random numbers are needed.

The Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) is a non-profit organization that focuses on developing and promoting standards for modeling and simulation (M&S) interoperability. Established in the early 1990s, SISO's mission is to support the advancement of modeling and simulation through the establishment of standards that enable different systems and simulations to work together effectively.

"Sings Evergreens" is likely a reference to an album or compilation featuring classic songs that are enduringly popular, often referred to as "evergreen" tunes. These songs typically have a timeless quality and remain beloved across generations.