Interval arithmetic is a mathematical technique used to handle and represent ranges of values, rather than single precise numbers. In interval arithmetic, numbers are represented as intervals, which consist of a lower bound and an upper bound. For example, an interval \([a, b]\) represents all real numbers \(x\) such that \(a \leq x \leq b\).

The QR algorithm is a numerical procedure used to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix. It is based on the QR decomposition of a matrix, which factors a matrix \( A \) into a product of an orthogonal matrix \( Q \) and an upper triangular matrix \( R \). The algorithm is particularly effective for real and complex matrices and is widely used in computational linear algebra.

Tempest is a codename used by various companies and projects, but in the context of technology and gaming, it is most commonly associated with a few specific instances: 1. **Tempest Engine (PlayStation 5)**: In the gaming industry, Tempest refers to a technology introduced by Sony for the PlayStation 5 that allows for advanced 3D audio processing.

Wiener’s attack is a type of cryptographic attack specifically targeting RSA encryption when the private key is too small relative to the modulus (the product of the two prime factors used in the RSA algorithm). This attack exploits the mathematical properties of RSA and the way private keys are generated.

An XSL attack refers to a type of security vulnerability related to XML and XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations). It often occurs when an application improperly processes XML input that includes references or links to external entities or resources.

The Lorenz cipher, also known as the Lorenz SZ40/42, was a cipher machine used by the German military during World War II for high-level communications. It was a more complex system than the simpler Enigma machine and was used for encrypting messages between high command and field units. The Lorenz cipher operated using a series of rotating wheels and was based on a binary system, where messages were encoded as a series of 5-bit binary numbers.

"Alqueire" is a unit of area that has been used in various countries, particularly in Brazil and Portugal, to measure land, especially in the context of agriculture. The size of an alqueire can vary depending on the region. In Brazil, one alqueire is generally considered to be equivalent to approximately 24,200 square meters (or about 2.42 hectares). In Portugal, it traditionally referred to a smaller area, about 4,200 square meters.

The glass industry is a sector of manufacturing that involves the production and processing of glass materials. This industry encompasses a wide range of applications and products, including: 1. **Flat Glass**: Used in windows, doors, and facades of buildings, as well as automotive glass. 2. **Container Glass**: Includes bottles, jars, and other packaging materials for food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

The Journal of Cellular Plastics is a scientific publication that focuses on research and development related to cellular plastics, which are a category of materials characterized by their cellular structure and lightweight properties. These materials often exhibit beneficial qualities such as low density, thermal insulation, and sound absorption, making them useful in various applications including packaging, construction, automotive, and aerospace industries.

Joan R. Rosenblatt is a notable figure in the field of psychology, particularly recognized for her work in the areas of cognitive science and human development.

Andrey Piontkovsky is a Russian political analyst, author, and public intellectual known for his commentary on Russian politics, society, and foreign policy. He has been a vocal critic of the Kremlin and has provided insights into the dynamics of Russian political life, the impact of authoritarianism, and issues related to democracy and civil society in Russia.

Lammily is a brand of dolls that was created with the aim of promoting a more realistic and healthy body image for children. Launched by Nickolay Lamm in 2014, the Lammily doll is designed to reflect the proportions of an average American girl, in contrast to traditional fashion dolls that often have unrealistic body shapes. The Lammily doll features a range of body types and comes with accessories that encourage imaginative play while also addressing issues of diversity and self-acceptance.

NMEA 0183 is a standard communication protocol used in marine electronics to facilitate the exchange of data between various navigation devices, such as GPS receivers, chart plotters, marine radios, and autopilot systems. The acronym "NMEA" stands for the National Marine Electronics Association, which developed and maintains the standard. **Key features of NMEA 0183 include:** 1. **Data Format:** NMEA 0183 transmits data in a specific format known as "sentences.

The **field of fractions** is a concept in algebra that deals with the construction of a field from an integral domain. An integral domain is a type of commutative ring with no zero divisors and a unity (1 ≠ 0). The field of fractions allows us to create a field in which the elements can be expressed as fractions (ratios) of elements from the integral domain.

Water droplet erosion refers to the process in which the impact of falling raindrops or flowing water on a surface causes material loss or damage. This phenomenon is primarily observed in areas where water is a significant factor in erosion, such as agricultural fields, construction sites, and natural landscapes. ### Mechanism of Water Droplet Erosion 1. **Impact Energy**: When a water droplet falls onto a surface, it carries kinetic energy.

Dmitry Kostomarov is a Russian figure skater who has competed in pair skating. He is known for partnering with various female skaters during his career.

"Oka" can refer to different concepts depending on context, but in the context of mass, it is a unit of measurement traditionally used in Turkey and some other parts of the Middle East. One oka is approximately equal to 1.28 kilograms (about 2.8 pounds). It is not a commonly used unit in modern scientific or commercial contexts, as metric units like kilograms and grams are standardized in most parts of the world.

The Efficient Frontier is a key concept in modern portfolio theory, introduced by Harry Markowitz in the 1950s. It represents a graphical depiction of the set of optimal portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a given level of risk, or the lowest risk for a given level of expected return. Here are some important aspects of the Efficient Frontier: 1. **Risk vs.

The Nikolai M. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, commonly referred to as PINRO (its Russian acronym), is a prominent research institution located in Russia that specializes in marine and fisheries science. Established in 1930, the institute focuses on studying the Arctic and subarctic marine ecosystems, including fish populations, marine biodiversity, and oceanographic processes.

Guillermo Owen is an Argentine mathematician known for his contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of combinatorial optimization and game theory.