Explains beta decay. TODO why/how.
Maybe a good view of why this force was needed given beta decay experiments is: in beta decay, a neutron is getting split up into an electron and a proton. Therefore, those charges must be contained inside the neutron somehow to start with. But then what could possibly make a positive and a negative particle separate?
- the electromagnetic force should hold them together
- the strong force seems to hold positive charges together. Could it then be pushing opposite-charges apart? Why not? In any case this force doesn't seem to act on electrons, only quarks.
- gravity is too weak
www.thestargarden.co.uk/Weak-nuclear-force.html gives a quick and dirty:Also interesting:
Beta decay could not be explained by the strong nuclear force, the force that's responsible for holding the atomic nucleus together, because this force doesn't affect electrons. It couldn't be explained by the electromagnetic force, because this does not affect neutrons, and the force of gravity is far too weak to be responsible. Since this new atomic force was not as strong as the strong nuclear force, it was dubbed the weak nuclear force.
While the photon 'carries' charge, and therefore mediates the electromagnetic force, the Z and W bosons are said to carry a property known as 'weak isospin'. W bosons mediate the weak force when particles with charge are involved, and Z bosons mediate the weak force when neutral particles are involved.
Weak Nuclear Force and Standard Model of particle physics by Physics Videos by Eugene Khutoryansky (2018)
Source. Some decent visualizations of the field lines.Subtle is the Lord by Abraham Pais (1982) mentions that this has a good summary of the atomic theory evidence that was present at the time, and which had become basically indisputable at or soon after that date.
On Wikimedia Commons since it is now public domain in most countries: commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Perrin,_Jean_-_Les_Atomes,_F%C3%A9lix_Alcan,_1913.djvu
An English translation from 1916 by English chemist Dalziel Llewellyn Hammick on the Internet Archive, also on the public domain: archive.org/details/atoms00hammgoog
Was the first model to explain the Balmer series, notably linking atomic spectra to the Planck constant and therefore to other initial quantum mechanical observations.
This was one of the first major models that just said:
I give up, I can't tie this to classical physics in any way, let's just roll with it, OK?
It still treats electrons as little points spinning around the nucleus, but it makes the non-classical postulate that only certain angular momentums (and therefore energies) are allowed.
Bibliography:
- Inward Bound by Abraham Pais (1988) Chapter 9.e Atomic structure and spectral lines - Niels Bohr
- The Quantum Story by Jim Baggott (2011) Chapter 3 A Little Bit of Reality
This is quite mind blowing. The laws of physics actually differentiate between particles and antiparticles moving in opposite directions!!!
Only the weak interaction however does it of the fundamental interactions.
Some historical remarks on Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman section "The 7 Percent Solution".
It gets worse of course with CP Violation.
Bagic jump between orbitals in the Bohr model. Analogous to the later wave function collapse in the Schrödinger equation.
Refinement of the Bohr model that starts to take quantum angular momentum into account in order to explain missing lines that would have been otherwise observed TODO specific example of such line.
They are not observe because they would violate the conservation of angular momentum.
Introduces the azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number.
Universology is a term that is not widely recognized in mainstream academic or scientific discourse, and its meaning can vary depending on the context in which it is used. In some contexts, it may be used to refer to the study of the universe as a whole, encompassing various disciplines such as cosmology, astronomy, and philosophy.
The phrase "wronger than wrong" suggests a concept or situation that is even more incorrect or flawed than simply being "wrong." It’s often used colloquially to emphasize a particularly egregious error or misunderstanding. In more abstract terms, it could refer to moral or ethical failings that are worse than just making a mistake.
Specific density, commonly referred to as "specific gravity," is a dimensionless quantity that compares the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance, typically water for liquids and solids, and air for gases. It is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of the reference substance at a specified temperature and pressure.
The Butler-Volmer equation describes the current density at an electrode as a function of the overpotential, which is the difference between the actual potential and the equilibrium potential. It is a fundamental equation in electrochemistry that describes the kinetics of electron transfer reactions at an electrode surface.
Darken's equations are a set of thermodynamic relations in physical chemistry, specifically related to the diffusion of species in multicomponent systems. They provide a way to relate the fluxes of components in a mixture to their concentrations, and are particularly useful in describing transport phenomena in liquid mixtures and solid solutions. The key components of Darken's equations include: 1. **Diffusion Flux**: The flux of a component \( i \) is represented by \( J_i \).
The E. Bright Wilson Award in Spectroscopy is a prestigious accolade given by the American Chemical Society (ACS) to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of spectroscopy. It was established to honor E. Bright Wilson, a prominent figure in the field of spectroscopy and molecular theory. The award is typically presented to individuals who have made significant breakthroughs or advancements in spectroscopic techniques, applications, or related theoretical developments. The E.
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 4. Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation.
Figure 5. Web editor. You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally.Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.Video 4. OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo. Source. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact